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20.05.15, ˿20205º
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ʣͱĹ£1518졡

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չһǣϲĸңͷǸҵһС
ճΪǵӵľͼԣǵ˷Եľͼӵս
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һΪҲҪôرʨӳԵӵһȻ̣ܶ
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㿴ôã緫һܵÿ죬ܵݶԾͳ
ϸˡﻹпɰСĢֿɿڣӱߵСְۣһ
ڣڣСѺСȥģǵС˸߲ңɰ


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СȺ壬ʱʱ̿ҪעⱣԼ类ʳ⶯Ե
ЩAؾòȫܵBȥˣһ죬BҲ
ȫˣCػһѡһ񹤵Ҳ˵ˣҲǽã
ǰӻģס壬Ҳȥۣ㲻㣿Ҹ˵
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Ϊֹ人

פƶ
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Զϵ߶羪֮লľԱ

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ֻǲǿ־ͻɣɵĴѻԶʤֱġ
ȻʱĹȿֻǿЦģַһܵƵ˵
ضҲʵģӦء

׾䣺Ϊֹ人ӡʾ人Ѵʧ״̬һ
ܶԼв¼меǣ
͵˭ܿƵסĻҾ棿ΣƵԶϵһ
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˼ܽӵЩӸߵƶ˵ˡҾдʫӦôд


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ҵĸܾһУдԼĸܣƾʲô˵
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һ˵Ҳӳ֮á㲻Ҫԣ
ΪҲûԣΪûÿһ˶Ӧ
ƾԼȥ˵ǶһʫҪ

ȱʾȨԤѡͬдддҪ¡Ҫ
Ϊģ˵дʫô˾ôŤأŶǰìܡ

СͬѶ٩ͬ䳰ȷڿ
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ŶǡֹһϵĺҼҹ뷨Ĳģ
֪人֮󣬺ڸʲô״̬ĳһΪ
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ԼĿ־׽̫±ɹƾӦһΪ
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һ仰Ͼͷ񣬵ϺС仰áͷֱ
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סҰô֮̿ģԾȻֽϡ߱Ŵһ
ԳɹòҲΪôһ˵ȫйĳɱ
֮ɹúε쳯Ժʿʿ˫ĵǣһСС
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˼ö࣬ڶѾˡϾôȫֺ֧Ͱ
࣬ϸǡǳϯʽǸӦõġ

ǿڸѹֻ֮ùǸֵǿд˹Ǹš
֪ǸҪҲӡ˶ǣʲôҾ
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ųǲȴ˺ͣս𡣱һ¥1173
ҵǵƾ⡣Ͻһ56סش14,500 
ֵʯػȴֻ֮£ֶϵϺĸ587ף
¹956׮86ףɽɽϵSalesforce Tower 326ף
Ϊ˷42׮91ֱҡ

1178꽨ʱˡһӴʵز
β̣һþһ꣡ڼһֱڸǡ¬
̣ھһĳػѹʵ˲١1272ּ꣬
ϸǡΪսֻʱʱֹһ꣬1372Ÿꡣ

٤Եĵά Vincenzo VivianiһʦĴ
أ٤ʦ1589-1592סڱʱһܵбȥһһ
öʾٶ޹ءʷҿ֤ά
ʵ鷢ʱ٤Իû嶨ءɵ٤
Լδᵽбʵ顣

һ㷺ܵʵǣ٤ʦһʵ (a thought 
experiment)һһöһȻ塣
صĿ졢ӾͻᱻĻصĺص
ûеʱôˡ٤ʦʷһתȻӱ
һģ԰ɣһǱصĻҪŶ
˵һٶȿǱصĵĻҪŶ

ìˣصٶҪôҪô죬ܼȿ԰ɣ
٤Ծ÷֤Ʒʿͳ˽2000˶ۣ
бʵҲʷΪViviani˵˵ġѧǿġ٤
ʦԼû¶

٤ȥ1642һλȻѧľǵIsaac Newton 
ţ1665꽣ŴѧƱҵҪеģ׶ߣ18
ʮˡѧˡܻϼҶȥˡ1666һ
ҹ׶سһС˻¯һյ3/4
׶سǣҲ˾󡣶ʱ˿̣µţѾ˶
ѧɡ˼٤ԱбʵСΪʲôٶ
޹أţF=ma, ֻ˵ȣ
٤ʦʵ壡

ţ룬ݰĵɣڷôԵҲ
ͬȻͬôСԵ͵ø
ȣ԰ɣô֮໥þ͵øM
m֮ (Mm) ȡȻţʦ룬ڵñб
ʵԲٶΪ9.8m/s^2, Ƶת27.3죬 
ţٵʱѾ֪µؾԼ380,000ɴļ
ǵٶȵ1/3600뾶64,000µؾ뾶
ıֵԼΪ60ճƽȶɡǿƽɷȡ
º˿յɣǹתڵƽ빫ת뾶ȣҲ
óƽȶɣһƴһվ͹ĵF_g=GMm/r^2

Ȼ˼ҵʱԴҲûôС, G. 
һ䣬G=6.67x10^-11 m^3/(kg s^2) Ҫţʦȥ70꣬
1797걻լCavendish 

ţٵɵ˼䶼һĹ˺ͽ̻
һ

ӹϣոˣٵСǵʵ飬б֤
ĵһοѧսʱΪ֮ò㵹ܺը֮
Ǻ󻰡

12/27/2019 ڱ


˿¶ססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

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𷺰׵Ĳɣһִݺ͹ұԼĸλ
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ȣȫԸʱӰӵĳ̡
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Ҳʱļֵ͵һֻ̤ŵ

ţʡ
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˭Ҳ˵ƼٵͲߵĿֻš
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һ׳ŵһΣȣػһ
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˺ۣǷܲȥΣաƣͼ
ȥܲɳ֮أ

̫СˣСһ
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ЪһЪ͸֧İ

ĵǣңں
Ϊѵתȥͷò
ѸתȻЦЦתʧ֢໤
˵Զ󡣿һлл
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СԺ




ũСԺܼͨʻϼˡǿũСԺ
ķ羰

ǰԺҲ⡣

ǰԺ䲻Ǻܴ󣬵¡Ժﲻʡ
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ȣǶһһģôֵģҰҰ
ˣģƵģϵģ׵ģۺģġӦоУ
СԺΧлء

˵˵ϼܰɡ

ݵԺϼܲϡˡڲ⣬ڷľưҶ
ԳȥԺӵһǾ˵أ˵صͷһϼܡϼܼ
¶Ƕ

ʹϴһҵĸĸҲǷǳ͵ģǾÿһ
õܹʳϹ߲ˡȻԺĲ˵ظǲ
ŹˣǲԶġ

ÿ׶òμͶ˵صĸ׸
ֻżпյʱ򣬸ײŻᵽ˵һæڡϲ˰
Ϊ˲˵ճɣĸ׶Բ˵ˣü⣬ʱ
ڲ˵ϣԺӼĲ˵춼ܼĸ׵Ӱ

ǽߵС̽ССԴʱĸ׾Ϳʼﻮ˵ﲥֵ
ˡĸܰڲͬĲ˵ϸָĲ綹ǡײˡ˿ϡ
ƹϡⶹĲʲôģʱҸضʱĽҪ
۲˸ȥҶԳȥ˵أĸ׸ǿʱ
ﲥϹϡ˹ϻ򶬹ϵѡʱֻһֹϣʱϹϡ˹ϻ򶬹Ͻ
֡

Ϲϡ˹ϻ򶬹ϵѲˣ紺ðѿѿ
եˣĸ׾ͻڹԲһϸù˳ϳ
һ˶ˣͷԭйϼܵĻֱӰѹϼ
ͷûйϼܻϼϾˣ׼¹ϼܡ

Ҫ¹ϼˣĸ״ϿӣһЩϸϸľʲôģ
ѴϼĲһӦ׼áпˣϼܵӾ͵ˡ
4ӣȻϺһЩϸϸľʲôģ
̯ȣһϼܱˡ״Ĺϼܼι̣üڶش

ϼǹ̨ųžʹˡ̨ˡ
̨ڲ֪УͲϻһ
ӣʱһϼܲϿ˻˹ȹ
ϹҶ࣬һϼܱڱγһ硣

죬Ժôһ磬ǺϲģСǾͻ
ڹϼµĿյ׷Ϸִ˲ƣٲȻǵ԰ڴ
˵ҲˡϾˣһѿηŹϼµĿ
һ裬Ƕ飬ˡʱϼ۷ˣ
档͸϶©߰ߵ㣬ƵĹ⡣紵Ҷ
Ħϼϻ˱ҪǷˣб
СһˣҲɫġϼϲ©Ծ鶯Ĺ㣬
ʱ¼Ƭ꣬ĸǰϻϣȤ

ʱ֣ݵĶϿʼ˴̣ߵĺϼ΢Լ
ϼϣǺСԺһ𹹳һ˵԰羰
ϼܽͰݳ˷˵㣬ʱųŵ
ĸͨͲһʹӵԺӣӹϼ߽ӡ

ˣмŴӰҶƮҰҰ㡣

һʱҪΧԺڹϼԵĿյһ
žડžડҡһ˵Ųε£СأԺ
׷šϷţ򰲾һգţĳө
ڹϼܵε

Ŷһμʮʱ͹ȥˣÿÿ𣬴˾·
һ㡣Ȼ꣬бҵشũŵ뿪
ӣ뿪أڻ룬治̫⵱ԼˡһũĶ
ӣӵĶأһũݣһԺӣǲӵкܶ𣿷򸴺

2020422



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ڹļУͯǲģɼڼϷֱ
Ҫɵġ

ߵ˵ŵεεļ䣬Щûڡͯꡱ
Ŀֱ

ȣ꣬һϣڼԼķְֺ
ǵķﱬһݣǸСйأ
ҪҪȥĳطǵļʹе¡ƽϢ
ܳ̽ӣڿһǵ繫
԰οְֹ˫ڷų鷿ĬĬس
⡣һ˺˯ְֿ鷿һҹ
δߡţڶ磬ʹһǼҺԶݼȥһ
Ҫ񡱣룬ݼҾְἰġĳ
طˡһ·ʼûк˵ҲûΪʲôҪ
ְĹѾóĬˡ

ʲôݣǵĿĵصʱɫѾģ
ݼĺźԶƵģĳϷʽ
Ĵ˼ºȻˣźվһλݸ߹¹ѵˣҲǱ
Ϸʽġݼҳûбˣ
źĬĬţ˳Ŵһľ¥ݵ¥ϣ
ȻȾͷһ˺Ļ谵󷿼䡣󷿼ķſţ
űվסڷűߵϹʲôմ
󷿼ڲ뷿ŲԶĵطһʵӲľ߱ӣ
ķһյͻƣȴûпŹ
ӣڼûҾߣǽǽֽЩҪ
ӡ̵ǣײǽϹһܴФ (ʵǿ
ͻʱ)ԵһյСƵĵƹ⩤ǷΨһŵ
˩µشǻĻϣճϵһ鹶ϼ̵̫̫
ͱǴǽŵ˻Ҫϼʮ꣬׷ŷ
ĺ󱲻ˡ

˺ܿϣһ㹫뷿䡣

漴˼׼һ£빫һ𣬾һׯϵ
ʽ

硱ʽ

һķʦҡ

ÿʦҵĺӣղĵҵ棬ҪϮҵĻ
ҪС硱ССͣȷʶǸ
硱ġK-硱ͨ˫ؿɵ龡
ףڷʦ֮ңΪһʦӰˣҪеΡ

֮ǰԼŴĸйٱܣѾԼؾⲿ
һЩͱ䶯Щͱ䶯ͬǾ첻
ģҲڷʦ塣ʵνġͱ䶯
硱ǷڡK-硱ֻĽ׻ˡ칫
ǰȥС硱ǰһϣҲϷǳְֺ
ϣְֹ˫֣µذѹе鷿
һЩΪʦҪ˽ġʶ˫޽ģ
ûȫȥƾֱȻףܶЩصݺ
򣬽ݱȡᣬҪڽ˵Լ
ġ

˵ףϰȷ֪һķʦ˵Ҫ
壬ġ硱֮⣬һͨ˿Ͳ
ġK-硱νָͨĵȻǷǷʦ硱͡K-
硱׵Ҫ㣬硰ڿռϡ໥صһģ
ѷֿ˸Ǿ첻СK-硱棬һΪķʦȴ
ֱ֪ͬʱҲʵϰطֿ

硱Զʵ磬K-硱ǡࡱ
ĵؽ˩ࡱ֮ܶͨΪȡħ˫
һȷָࡱǡࡱаࡱҪ
ȷֺͶԴǣһΪʦ̳Ҫѧϰĸ߳¡

ͨ˿K-硱ǡK-硱ġȡ͡ħһõ
ɾǾͻ뷨Խ߽磬ġ硱Щǵ
аΪ˼䡣ôά硱İȫΪҲһ
ʦʲõˡ

ˣ̵˵Щ˫ͣһֹػŶӡ
ͷ֪Ҳĳ̶ֳݶĶ

ҳ˷ǵһʦ𣿡ϰĵĸ룬µ
ʵӵĸ鷿һѹָУġ
ġѹָС

˫޺ǳ˽СӴʱ˿̵ԥ͵ӣǺɫ
ϰ߲ϲġ֪Ϊʲôԭϰ
Щϰָûлش⡣

ְֺ֪跢ĴǷ
鷿ġרҵġ̬Ⱥͱģǲԭ

һ˵硱塢СʦܹȷеؿK-硱
ˣǼӽϰлμʵôԺ
ؿ۽磬ֱ޶ȵK-硱

УҰĲõĻʩչֶΣK-硱

谵󷿼еġ硱ʽҪ
ʵӲľ߱ϣ۾оеڵƹů豸
İЯóһ洫Сͭ
ع̶ͷġٻѨϣȻ˫ִ
תĦͷ­϶˺ˣĳ˴Լʮӣһ
ͬճƵСͭͷüġ
¹͸ǻϵڸǶֿ֧˫˫ֱҽŵס
һǳԻԵ״̬ᣬʶɵá壬ͻ
ǽںݶȥſ۾ʱԾźĴ
ԾֻյСǽϵǷФ񻭣ȥڻ谵ı
Ϻһ㱡ĺ⡣ԵͰض˵ʽˣ
硱ˡҲļʾףء

Сͭͷ£˳ֽؿ (ͭϴ
һϸȴܽʵͭҲͭϽģΪʱʱ˸
) Сͭǰչεһӳˣʧ

Уǽϻλ̫̫ʼԹۼ֤ûб飬
û΢Цã̫̫ƺлҪ˵ƺѾ
ö˵֪Ļ

ܾԺ󣬵ѾΪһʦٮٮˣ֪˻λ
̫̫ĳݡ

Դӡ硱Ժ (˵Сͭ˫˫Ժ)
ȷԽԽԵˡK-硱ʵܺر
K-硱ɫɫġĿЩ԰ؼ
ĴڡK-硱мԽ磬ϰΪǺ
൱һʱӦĶȻӡ͡չ˵ĸй
˵൱ֲͯ꾭ãϰֹ˫޵Ϥָ
ٽ̵£ѧ˿˷־壬ѧƺͷ
ڡK-硱ĸֳԶͯ꣬˵ͯ
걻뿪

ʱ60ڻ70ڣְֹ˫޵ĹְҵϺһ
ѧѧϵĸ߼ʦְҵܡְлȫ
ʦܻᡱ鳤⣬˫޻׿ĵ·ʦ֯硱
糤 (ҵڵ˶ϷҾ) Ѻ
ĸ·Ϸʦ̸д֪ϰֹ˫޲һɫ
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ȨıС۷Ľ˫޵
ɣֱѧˣ˳Ķֵ
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ʵգֹƫ⡣Ķ̸ʹһ˳ʮ
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ġۻɴ˼ˣؾã磬Լ
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֪һվҪʵսġЩĿȴڶ

ǰ˵ˣͯΪͬϷֱļش¼
ġ硱ǵһ

Ȼ꣬ͻȻһ㵺;ɥ£
Ψһĸ˶ְֹ˫ַˣΪ˾˴Ҳû
ͺõĿܣΪʵжʾǿҿ飬ĸһȻءҳ
ߡˣҲ֪ȥٹ֪ȥ

ӴԺһĿûž۹

繫꣬ʱʮ꣬ˣֵƽ
ϵһ㣬ЩǾˮˮھΪʲô»ֵͥ
ɢ³̫Сɣܶã뵽ְֺ
Ϊ˸硱󳳴ֻ֣ǾãȻͱˡͬ
ö֪ǣΪûͬʱߡʵϣԴȥ
ݼɡ硱ʽҲûеȥӡƽ
ʱٸ˵ٹֻ硰Ȧߣ˷
¶ЩļʺĮĸӺֵһ
ܵԭǣְֹ˫ֻԤе粽Ƶؽ
Сӽľ޴֮£ñ
ȾָͥȻȻѳݵġӪ
ֺ硣

ҲգȥˡΪùܴصļͥΣƽ
˫ѧѧϵǰݣĻǵذһ
γ;УЯСȥһЩ羰һȦ

ͷӵıСɢɢģ벻пӽβʱǸ
һβ۲۵ա

سĳ죬ͣںӱһƼСسǣϸСط
Բڶһսǹ˫ǳ٣ƾռңΪ
ľ֮ս

쵽Ƽسʱ֣סһҲ̫עеȹģ
ùݡҲ;۵Ĺϵˣκζ
˫ùݷӷһЩзгҩȻö
Ϣʱ֣Ӱ˯ˣ˫޾ĵعغ÷ţ
ķϻùȥɢʵȥÿĹ: 
ĽάĻܾ

ͷĸϻ湫˫޺öഺˣɳΪޡ
ƽʱڡ硱ͷαװһߴ͵ëֹġ
K-硱ǵҪʱŻڡ硱ʾݵĻࡣ
ϻҲһͷϵҰޣܹڷյķ̫ã
ʱҪȥ棬Ұɽ·֮͸͸ȻҰ
˵ĳϣϻʱ׽һЩҰ伢ͷ
ϵܵޣ˫޻иڽڸʵֵļƻн
ԺҪϻȥֺѩԭع顰硱һʱ䣬
ܺԼġȻ֮֡

˫ùݷԱˣƼسǲԶ߸˫
ɽֻ׸ߣԲһûɵСɽ˫
ϻһǰһͳ˫ɽȥŽͿС
ɫһ㰵ˣһˡϻϲɽҹһ˵
ΰСɽ˫޲ùݳЩϻɽ϶þһЩ
ɷɡҲĶùú˯һ

Ұ¹˫޺ϻȽù﹫¡

СʦеäĿе˵ġսݡ

֪ôģϰֺϻ뿪ùݷûмӣ˯Ĺ
˹ɧһֲոպ˸µΣ
μʲôˣƾСʦķӦüǵ
ġְָԵҩҩ̫ǿɡ˫ÿԼ߶
ʱϻżźʵʩΨһĶԲߣæҩǿҵҩ
Чأ˵ҲҩһõķʦһͬʱҲһõҩ
ʦϰϲʹԴޡ

ܰҲľĽֵҲûд
ʲôţɣʹǰ硱Ǽͬ
˴ݼҵĻ谵󷿼䣬СͭСԴ
Ƹе裬һԲ˩֣Ժļ
ϵƺ̬κʱҪضҪ׺һݣһֻ
һΣճɵˣȴûкӡˡþ
ⳡҳߵļͥ粨СС͵ĳԽ
ԽӲˡ˷չȥԼ᲻гһձһʦϰֹ
˫޶˵ͬйʷϳֹĻʵۻ̫һй
ʷҲĻʦϰϸؽһ
ʦĹ£һаԵԶĽ
ǳǸǿĻʦۼտɸսϰҲˣ
Ҫ͡

ڴϣеһùݷ䣬
ϰɲģúͰܼ򵥣˯Ĵ󴲣һ³һд
ӣȫҾ߶͵òţҲո˯ʱ
Ʋԣеͷͷϵòתתӣһ
򴥵ͷµһһһյľͷӣӳ
ĹĵģһĴСܵྫĻͼ˸
ųİͭƤҡҡӣʵĵģҡ򲻿ӣ
һһʼţӷ⣬׽⿪
ʱ򿪣ƵԿϰִˡ˫޸ոǰ
ܣҪǵһοӣڻ˯״̬
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ǲʲôǼ洫һޱȵ˫˵
֮ΪЯ˶խСسϹƣ
ķй©ɱɻңҲ·մȾСطġ
亦˫޳Щɺ󣬾ͰѺӸǲһе񻨰ѱС
ͭŦγ磬סѱť˳ʱת˾ʮȣϵܵ
һ˶ĵö׼иϵһ̻ƿƿȻ
ʾţԶ˵һհŦ˵ӳ
֮⻹հťһǹıաνġաϸˣ
˼ǩķǿޱȵĸӦʹںҲ
ȫһİ˽ӽ㣬Ϊ˱Сˡ
źӴ桰ˣҺ϶˷ǳһҪֹ
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ϰְѰŦٲʱתؾʮȻָԭĻǱϵ
һеľջ׼ƿ˵ñտŰɣΪ˯
ʱ򱣻İȫǧǵãˣз
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֪ǺεģϰֻǾôѶó
ҿһۡ뵽ЦЦַŻͷߡ

еȻ˯˶ݵһȴǺöˣӦϰֵҩʼ
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١

ʱͻȻϴǳĸһ

ֵǣûüӦߵĺҲ漴΢ĸ
һǡ⡱ĺӦ

ﰵһ

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ȡƽԽʵǽڣһַɭɭȻƮ˷䡣
ڵ¶ȶʱңһӵذƮɢ



һǰӡ硱ֳһ
ʮֺıͷ󣬵ȻҪʱոմԽǵǽʱ
ⲿǿѸתȥK-硱ģԱ㲻ܡ䡱ϰ赲
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ġõࡣٽһϸ֮ͣڡK-硱
岻ǿ׳ȴ۵ĺ󾢡Ҫ֪K-硱һ½롱
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µΪɣ˵ǰֳöľǽ
ˡ

ĹۻʵĺôѸٷֱֵ̬
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ˡ

ͯ澫Ӣӹ˼˳۷򾲵
ĲĴʣ˭ô㴳˵ķ䣬Ҫʲ
ô

ͷϵı۾üëһ񣬷ֲֻ
ﺬɳЦѶСǴģ
ʶ㡣СӳסɱСģòŻ
ˣ㣬ҿǸʵĹŶ

ͷ˵֪ǹ˵Ĺ
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ͷԲˣС˵ôûûصġǰס
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ģ١˵вɱ˵ľ˵Ƶġ

ûķϻƣȥߣɱ˳
ҪġҪ飬ûʱʰ㣬ûʱㆪ¡˵ת
תڴֱˣָָšʵ֪һҪӷ
˳ȥָſԿصķſʹҪԵøЩԶǽ
Ƚ

ͷ粻ɷ˵Σһǿڡһ
ǵĺڹΧ˸תȴ᲻Ƶɢˡ
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שա˭ģòС
ԭǸиСʦֲõءͷһ߳ޣһȴ
ǰм˰ץȥøССΣ壬
ıȶѿݵж¹ǰöСͭɫӣһ̽ͭ
Էȥͷ羪ֵسˣһһһһˣ˫û֡

ȡƣóȻ֣Ͼ

ͷͣ٣ɤӣЦããССֲ
Ҳ㡣ҿ뿪ֻҪһұߵ
ģҿˣǸӡݸңҺӣ
ұ֤뿪˵˵̧䶯ȱƣָָ
ڴλͷߵĵľͷӡ

һѽڻֲģܸ㣡

ͷǺٺһЦ˵Ц˵˾ڡ

ʣЦʲôЦѿ

ͷ˵ĲҺɱ㣿ɱԺһϽ
Ļˮ⡣ĻˮҪǰ챻ɱǸС
ǿö࣬ò䲹ʱǣϹҲë͸¶
ɾԺδйĳ谡ǰ·˴Ȼڳ۵
˫ɽ˸Ԫˣؽα̣߰˰ˣ
ǲӷѾϰ꣬Ƕôģһڣ
ҲòʱϢùˣһɱ㣬ǵûˣ
û˵ţˡ硱ΣǾ߱ͷ
ʱ˲ˣġK-硱αһù̸ڵ
ȵŲͷƶңٴηϳ
вСӣҸһλᣬԹ԰ǺӸңҾͲɱ㣬
Ե֣еϲСӣ죡³Ҳһ
ĥĲ

˵ʱʱ죬ֿϣһиϵǸŦγ
˳ʱתʮȣƽȥ

ֹɱ

У˫޸ģ趨İŦλǱֲ䣬
ķɱ޹ʱƣΣ±ӣ
һϹ϶аѺȥû취ȥɡ
ú䵽֮ǰȰѷֹסǷܻǿ
áȻֽϾû˺Ҳڷ
ôô꣬Ҳһò׳ɲĳĹš
ȥ֮ززҪϰֻùݣϰҵ׷ֻ
Ӧöڸʲôطϰֿ϶ҵõҲ϶ùļһ

ֻǣһεֿŬû¶еĵӣͦ
װװӣѺӱǰҸ㣬Ұְϻģȥ
ʵġ

һذϵҲŨˡ

ٴһ£ŶҸղſһһ뿪ùݳǡ˫
ɽȥͷϻΣƽ˿ΪһǶֱ
ƣ˭磬ֽֽ̡ǸСʦһ
ϷʦˡλϷʦְˣϻİ֣Ҫ˵һ飬
磡ҿҪ㣬Ҫ꣡һȥ޻ˣʹ
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Ȼѵز͸¶Ҳ޷ҾǰǶˣʱˣ
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תתס˺ӡģɵشڡ硱ЩռġK-硱
ħצ԰ߡûü뵽֣ǡ
ẕ́צһȫѵˣ񼸸Ʋš
˼ǣתָֻǰ硱͡K-硱ֿʱò
硱ıͷֳıƽԴʱ˺ϣ
»ͷߣһ˫۾뿪ˮ۾ɵţȫʧ
ȥ֪ʲô£æͷǻͷߵıƽԴ
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ĵһǳ⩤ֿ˵ͯƬεĵ
ˡǲԭɣô׶ġͻȻ͵û֪
ˣǺķɱѱհŦֹλѽ
СͭСͭôʹԶԴȥô
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һʼɱͷǰ˵Ļģְֺϻ
زˡˡΪԼĿе߳ܡ

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Ǳְֻϻˡ˫ڴԴ
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ǹ洫ġɱаɱգۡķ塱ûǡ塱
ľͷɱ˱ͷ磬ͭõһֻġ
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Զ类ġ塱ɱˡ

죬˫޴ϻɢĶһڷ˯Ȼ
Ĳ£ˡ塱Է⡣ıĹ˫֪ӻСĳ
ĵƣǿл᷸Ϳɵð֮ģԾ͹⽫ǰŦ÷ˡ
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һɣǸͷҲǸǿ֣Ž¥ļؽṹ
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ԹԾܡףΪʲôͷ绹û뷿䣬Ū
춯ġ塱Ҳһ׼սˡף
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塱ҲûбԹ˵塱֪ˡ
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ķԶԶδ򣬡塱ԿƵľڷ
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ķֵ쳣ǿɱڡ硯ͨ裬ҲƵ׹
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һԵĹɴ˫ۣſϲ£

רεͷҾֻź˵Ľȫȷ 

˫ͷһ亹ϻ˫ɽéݴԣ
һԲڵʱ亹һ

Ĳ򵥣

վҷļսսʤ˴⥺Լϻ̱
Բף죬ðʲôǿ֣;мܻ֮
ˡ벻벻ʱֿȷȷʵʵڵģ

ԼڣսϵԲ󣬶ˮ̶в
ֱͷǶԵģȷģ

ǻ֮ʣˮ̶ͻȻӿðһߡħ
һɡĹʬǡ塱֣Ӷˡ

ԭˣǴ˫ɽزԭϣ

뵽˫޿˶һֹۣҲڻĵؿ
Ҳһ˿Ĳ

ôΪʲôˮ̶ŻŵʱûиԲ
׽أǿɱ⥣󲻾ˮȥ
ħġͭư˫޲⣬ؿרҡ

רɻҡҡͷεЦЦֿܰɣһǣΪĳԭ
ϹʱķĳصƫˡԱСţ
޷ȫǣ

ǣ˫޺͹Լͬȥ

ǣڡĶ⣬ǲмһ˰ɡ

Цһ˫ȴͷһ

˫ް룬ɰרҵĻЦԼиһ
ļ衣   

ǸӺϻƼسԭҲֻƻͣһҹȴ·ʹ
ģʱһ˾ͷֿˣӹùݣϻȴȥ
˫ɽԲշϽɱǶԴ⥩һеһУ
ҲżȻġ

ġżȻŽҾ£µò

Ҳǣ˫޼˼ļ裬ܶܶ꣬Բ
ˮ̶µĹĹΪĳɣʲôҪϸҪǶ
Ŵ⥵ʱˣֲԳ֣Ҳǡмһˡɣǲ
ѱ߲ݡǾֻõȺᣬٽ֮Ż
¡ֻ֣ǧѷĻˣѵðµġҾ
СƼҲ˵Ĺ˾߱˾ġԤ֪ܣ㵽˻
ӦһеĵһһܿǱѡеĿܺɱ֣
֪ؽĹ˵ٻڲƻʱùݣǰȥ˫
ɽһΣյġɨĹ

룬һһȻУԲ񡣱׳գ

ǿصͭƿܾǹĹ˴ǵĽ͡ȻͭƵħܿ
ѾλͨĹĹ˽ˡ

Ƿ

벻Ҿ͡塱Ƽù˸סȥɱù
һֻ (ݶӹ˵ǼһҲܹ˫ɽĺ
ˣܴǶԴ⥵ħצѣҲһ˲Ľɫ
׻ǹ˳һӲʮ壬Ͷ塱)
ͬʱҾϻ˱ƵһȦסͶ
ȥ˫ɽƴƴæһһһ̫˼ˣ
еש뵽˫亹ϼһ˪
һʱ̲÷ͷı˪

ôλĹ뿪Ƽ
Ҳûǣ谭Ҳ뿪˫ɽĻõĽ
ݴҪо޴̵Ĳ̫ƽˡ

ӹϾǳʱԳһ֪ηĻְ֣Ҫ˵
ԿֲҰοǣǹĹҲΡߡǡߣ
һ죬ʹȻǴǿһսǱضܹսʤ


˫޵һЦ˿ֻ˳ڹȥû˼ȥչδ
ʮУĵйģ޼˫ɽԲ
ҲµһΡ

꣬һֵο£˫룬ϵմĵ
һ塱ɹصƺͿڤڤеġšΪԺƶϣ
Ϊഫ鶯͵ķ塱Ҳһܵ˫ɽ
Բˮ̶ޱȹթյĹʩŵǿٻջȴ
𣬲Ϊ塱Ǵഫķڶ

ǳרѵķ̸֮󣬹˫ԭѡʵĵطɴ
ͭˣʡܻ벻ħƹƶΪ˼硣
һ͸˱һķʦ˵ȥ
ͭƺǷʦҲеһ洫һǻд裬Ժ
кνˣ˵׼պܱаΪõһϵ
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˫뵽辶ķ֮ûжԼҡ塱
Ϊã塱ϾйԲĹġٻȻƲסˣ
ҲһݵսսĽΪǹĹ
εǿҲڡ塱ķ³ġ˺ۡѡ塱ͭ
ƷһЩ˺ۡͭƲر¶ض㣬Ӷá塱
ڲ֮ء岻ΪĳһŵǷȱǶʧȥ塱
⵽κ𻵡

Ȼģ˫ҲʵΣٴбȥ˫ɽ̽
Բ۲ҪһǹĹûߣԭأǾͲϧս
ߵֱ͡Ҳ˵թҵطˣһֱû
лʵԸ

ʱⲻˡҲ컻һַʽ㡣

λ㿼ŵѣмλ˽ķʦ˫û
κα͸¶˫ɽԲս£˶䣬ֻ֦ǹ
ĨǵعһЩҵʿҪӱƼһкΡ
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꣬ҲϺ̫ƽ̫ƽʢûʲôȫԡɰҪ
ƽ⡣£ǹĹˣƺ伣ˡǶԾС
硱Ĵе㲻׵ġ

ĳƻ裬Դ鷿˫޺뵽£̾׺
ɣأֻܽ޴ɰӹˡ

ȥ뵽ڶ֪ӵȥнӰĻʡȥ
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˶ĺ׳һ죬ʹȻ
ǴǿһսǱضܹսʤ

գ˫޸ΪҵķʦҪѧҲ
ѧȡʤġ

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׳1904նۣ֮սϵйܻΪй񣬲ƽ֮Ī
ڴˡʢݥʢηʩӢ
ʮֻԾȷ죬أǲɣЯ˱ϡй
޺ʮֻᣬ⧲ܳʮֻ֮塣սɶ뵺
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նף˿ɽУżУǽףܳ𳵣Ȩ
ʧʤʹڷʮ£һѣҵطŰ
Σռ¼öͬˣ֪񲻿ࡣ
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ʧڣȡ̿ɼߣӦϧðٷ֮һ!

1913գעһ󶣨hu)㼣yngʶ

׳նۣ֮ʢΡʩʮֻʱ
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񲿣Сաաϸսɺã
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׷֮գԴҹ棬Ч

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⹦ڵΪأƽĳТ峯Ծ˵ųƣڣ䴩
ñײƻҲس˿ÿԼԪ֮ңԴע
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£֮ſӪڸʱɺһפվϣ
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ԸУִշָʼ˿飬Ȼѽϳӡ

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᷿˱˾ŰˣУϦСҽʿ˲ҵᣬ
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࣬ˮۣ˰ܺʬٻ٣ͷ­ԺУԱر
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ʿ̫أڳǶƫ࣬Ϊʡ
СЦߣνղȱүδ̫(xi,٬)
˼ﰺ󣨼һǣоֽÿŰģÿģ֮
ˣװ֮װۣͬδţҪߣÿ·ǰٽ
УԳѣʡ˿ԶȼˣȲ֪мЦң
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վӴٻ񷿣Ϊ֮ã꼰գ
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վɱ֮ǧԪԾƱһԪǿ
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紿ӣսڲ಻Ҳ״ţΪ֮
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սηǰԵףòȻëʵ
ƣãΣأԱƾߣʱڻˡ
ݳÿսܲпɲ֮ȶءùѳ
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Լ࣬Դ׮ָ˿Ϊ̳࣬ڣ
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Ρ̨Ժṥţжǰǰ̨߽
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ɳǰߺըҩؽǣżжմ괥
ףҹ·ˣ򲻿롣˾̣
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Ӫڣˮգձ𳵣һտɵʱؽk
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֮£ڽӴкεڣԣ֪Ѽۣʼ˳У
࣬в£գ


עһָߴʯʺ̳Ǻڸ۾ӵˣԳ
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ע˴վָӹֿ

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˹ͬĻ⣬ּһȺԿΪõ
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ȻڴΪԼĺϷȨܶš

һͬһּ

ȻڸԶʷУͬܵһЩһضȺ
Ƴ磬ʷͬǱһַ㣹ģ
ĳЩͬп̵ĴֱִͬҲȻ
Ϊһַ硰˹֮ӢѧͼΪͬ
ӢȺдԵԵߵΪ㣹취
Sodomy lawѡעƼأѧ˸Сơձ
ɱֱ201312£Ӣ˾󳼲ӢŮɯ׶1952
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ʷͬڱһּ񲡿ЭᣨAmerican 
Psychiatric Associationдġ񼲲Ϻͳֲᡷڶ
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ͬĴ

оͬӣȫͬУһͬ
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˵һͬôһҲͬĿֻ20
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ڡͬ򡱵оʼ1993Ŵѧҵ϶Ĭ
Dean Hamerġͬ򡱣gay geneۡĬȡ40
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϶Xq28ƬοܿԵͬΪ򣬵Ǻظо
ظĬ˵Ľ

2016꣬ѧ Giorgi ChaladzeоͨŴ
ͬصļģͣindividual-based modeling, IBM֣
ԼһȺЯഫġͬ򡱣Ȼǲûȷκ
ضġͬ򡱡

˹ҽԺEvanston HospitalоNorthShore 
Research Instituteİɣ˹ʿAlan R. SandersѰ
ͬ򡱣һ2015оУݶ409ֵܼͬ
ѪҺоXȾɫ8Ⱦɫϴͬ
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оӰӲߣ3-6ңڿϣ
ĿɿظԶڽϴʡ

һ2019830շڡScienceΪLarge-scale GWAS 
reveals insights into the genetic architecture of same-sex sexual 
behaviorУʡҽԺ޵оȻоԱͼ
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ͬΪڵһġͬ򡱣дĻӰһ
ӵͬ԰µĿԡ˵ЩеÿһֻзǳСӰ죬
ǵۺӰǾ޴ġʾǣҵõһ
ͬ򡱿Ѿһɵ

ͬԻϷø

ͬʮԸ뿹ԱĻƽȨ
Marriage equality񲻽ڷϣڹ𽥱ȫ
ܡ2001꣬ͨͬԻΪһͬ԰µǼǻЧ
ԵĹҡ2015꣬߷Ժڰ±Ѷ߻˹(Obergefell v. 
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ӦƽȵĽȨ2019̨꣬塰Ժͨˡ˾Ժֵ
748Žʩзݰ524ʽЧʹ̨Ϊ޵һͬ
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سͬԻ

úܶͬĻСǵ˲е־壺ͬԻϷ
ø᲻ͬԽԽࣿ᲻ʹ
ĽԽԽģ᲻ᵼµĶ䣿

ᷢʵˣѧϱΪ֢ͬhomophobiaָ
ͬߵķСų⡢ӡȻ֢ͬҲһּ
ǲ̬ءƫִس빥ͬߣһڶͬĿ־塢֪
ƫµ֪ƫ󣬹׻Ϊп֢ͬ˴ذͬ
ΪһּȺԱ̰ӡҲӰ쵽
˶ͬʵжֵжϡвоп֢ͬ˿ܾи
ͬΪЩ˶ͬصʶʹ
غѹԼʵȡ򣬿־ųͬԼĽ
ֵڴҲˣͬȺҪʱ䣬վ
ŽΪԼͬͬԻϷ󣬲Ż᳤ڵ
ĻӦݡ

Ѿǰо֤ͬһּһŴ
ġ̶ܴȡ򣬲ڿѧ֤ݻ׺
ͬҲٱΪһַȻȡôͲ
ͬԻĺϷı˵ȡ򣬶Щͽǳں
ԭͬΪǣҲͲͬԻɵıΧ֮
ڡ

˿˷ͬĿ־ȾӦðЩͬƫ
ѧϰµĿѧ֤ͣԼĿѧ˼άѧ
ԼŰݵ̬ԶԪֵĻݣʶͬ
ȺȡĺϷȨ棬ʵû𺦵Ⱥ棬Ϊ
ÿһˣƽȡԼĺϷȨ档

2020.04.29

ο£
1. Ngun, T. C., Ghahramani, N., Snchez, F. J., Bocklandt, S. & 
Vilain, E. The genetics of sex differences in brain and behavior. Front. 
Neuroendocrinol. 32, 227C246 (2011).
2. G Chaladze. Heterosexual Male Carriers Could Explain 
Persistence of Homosexuality in Men: Individual-Based Simulations of 
an X-Linked Inheritance Model. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2016. 
3. Sanders, A R; Martin, E R; Beecham, G W et al. (2015) 
Genome-wide scan demonstrates significant linkage for male sexual 
orientation. Psychol Med 45:1379-88
4. Sanders, Alan R; Beecham, Gary W; Guo, Shengru et al. (2017) 
Genome-Wide Association Study of Male Sexual Orientation. Sci Rep 
7:16950
5. Andrea Ganna et al. Large-scale GWAS reveals insights into the 
genetic architecture of same-sex sexual behavior. Science  30 Aug 2019 
Vol. 365 Issue 6456 eaat7693 DOI 10.1126/science.aat7693.
6. Jocelyn Kaiser. Genetics may explain up to 25% of same-sex 
behavior giant analysis reveals. Science. 29 Aug 2019. DOI
10.1126/science.aaz3192
7. Hooker EA (1957). The adjustment of the male overt homosexual. 
Journal of Projective Techniques, 21, 18-31.
8. Adams, H. E., Wright, L. W., & Lohr, B. A. (1996). Is 
homophobia associated with homosexual arousal?. Journal of abnormal 
psychology, 105(3), 440.
9. Weinstein, N., Ryan, W. S., DeHaan, C. R., Przybylski, A. K., 
Legate, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Parental autonomy support and 
discrepancies between implicit and explicit sexual identities: 
dynamics of self-acceptance and defense. Journal of personality and 
social psychology, 102(4), 815.

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һλҲĿѧҿ˹Lawrence KraussĿ㶵
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ۡ

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ʣСˣǸʡǸضֵٽܶȡ
critical densityΪ˷㣬ѧҰʵܶٽ֮ܶ
ŷ٤ֻڦ1ʱŻһƽ̹档

    1970ѧѾע⵽Զϵȣ
ڵʵƽ̹ġ˹ѷ۲쵽΢ʵĸ
򿴲Ҳ˵ʡеĻǳ֮С

    ܶȵĹҲģĦܴ0.12֮䣬൱ؽӽ
1

    ҿڴʧ΢ķֺ󲻾þͿʼ˼⣬ʱѾĥ˽
ʮꡣһͱ仯һŴ
Ḷ́ʼʱ΢1ԽԽ΢С1
ӦѾ÷ǳСֻдһʼϸ1ŻԵ
ƽ̹

    Ҫ߱ӽ1ֵڴըһʱ
0.9999999999999991.000000000000001֮䡣˵ɵĻǵ
ʵڷ˼ҿǣըۿܲ걸Ե©

    ʵƵֹһһսԴճвֵһ
ӵĳʶҹǺڵġνǳ⣬ѧ
Ҽꡣ

    ʱҹǺڵ쾭壺ܵУǲ
ϡϡǶϵĵ׺û̫ҹĻȻֻô
Щ˸

    ٤17ͳƵԶ˼֮ࡱġȥ
û˿ʱʶֻһС
֡죬Ҳޱ޼ʡ

    Ϊ뷨ͷһˮһѪָ
޾ǣĹӽ̫ϱ
кڰҹա

    յ뷨ɵ¹ľˣOtto von Guericke
ȵһ޵ɭ֮Уеľϸܣ
޷ɭ֮⡣Ϊĸ򿴣߳ᱻԶ
ĳסֻ޴СɭУпͨķ϶
Ĺ

    ҹϵ෴޶ǣôĸ
ῴһڷǡʹҹǵӦȫ
Ļ

    гĳʾѧʵա
ܷİмգȻ8ƥǿ׳
չʾ˴ѹΪҹĺڰ˵ǵĲ
ֺޡԶĵط޵գǡ֮俴ĺڰ
ңԶյڡ

    ϣиţٳ˸⡣ţ
ʶֻĿǣЩǳΪ̮һ
ϡֻǴʱڸ˴˵ƽ⡣Ȼ
ţ۶ҲǱƽֻѧϵһȶ⣬
ʵвܴڡ

    ǣҹΪʲôڰȻ޷֮͡ļѧ
ֽͣҲ顣

    ԼǻعĹףEdmond HalleyԹĲ˵
ۼǹĴָǿƽ˥ԽԶǹ⵽
ʱԽ΢޷ۿԶǵԭΪҲԽҹ
յĺڰΪ̫Զǹ̫ûйס

    ǿǹⲢǸǣǹܺ͡ź
ǣڼǵķֲʱһϵĴһӽϵ
ƽȣӽһǵҲƽȡ
ܺõ˥ʧĹ޹ء
ʹǷֱ治Զǣҹջǻᱻ
ǿӡгƬĹ

    1848꣬ҡʫ˰ס£Edgar Allan Poeͻ룬ŦԼ
ٰһݽᣬִѧиӰ족ĳɹֳ
޼ûıáݽдɢʫĿ
￨EurekaԴ˵ϣѧҰ׵£Archimedes
򵽸ԭʱ˷ܽкˡ

    ס´ǰһοѧҲ˼ص顣ֻʫ
黳Ŀ͹硣Ľ಻͡
Ԥս𡭡ڷḻʵУҲд
޶ǣôҹһͬ硣֮кҹ
ΨһĿңԶǹ⻹ûüִ

    ￨Ȼʯ󺣣޷졣һ󣬰סƶ
ơʵȥ40ꡣΪң˱ǰԻ͵ö


    ڡ￨һ꣬24Ӣŵѧķɭ
William ThomsonƳ˺Ϊѧ׼ġ±ꡱabsolute 
temperatureķɭĳƿѫLord Kelvin
±ĵλҲġK)˵΢¶
õľ±ꡣ1884꣬ѾǴʦķɭסǰסİ
ĦУӦڳõԼ˹ս˹ѧʱ״̬
ѧһϵнǲ֪סǡԽ硱ʫƪķɭ
нԼҹպڰо

    밮ס²ıϵǣķɭҲΪܶǵĹûܴ򡣵
ΪѧңݵĲʱѧѾ֪ǷҪ
ȼϣ˲Զط⡣ǹۿڹ֮ʱĺǲ
⼸ꡣ̫ͬڷ⣬ǹ⻹û
ü

    ܿĲеǣֻһС֡ɭ
ⲿֽɼ桱visible universeӦĹ㡣Ϊ
޵ģһôɭһǿͨ϶ҹյ
ڰ

    ƫƧҲûע⡣

    1950Ҳڽŵİؽҹյĺڰѧ
Ҫְһϵģʷ⡰ʽΪ²˹
Olbers' paradox²˹Heinrich Olbers19ͳ
һ¹İߡȲ⡰ߣҲûʲôͻĹ
ס

    ֮ԾɻᣬΪҹյĺڰʵ͵֤ݣ
ΪԽԶĺ͵ٶԽ죬ǷĹƵԽȫƳɼ
ƵΣҹͶʣΪԷǸޡ
ȶ̬ģ͡

    ȻǺȶ̬Ĵըܹʵ׼ȷ


    ڴը֮˹⡣ʱĹӡӵȻ
ɵĸµһ𣬲͸ֻ30ꡢϳ
ȶԭ֮󣬲ųֵһƿɼĹ⡣ʱգЩѾƵ΢
ƵΣֻñʵҵ߲ܡΪǵҹṩ
ι

    滹ڰʱ˵һǵĵЩԼ
ֵĺǾǻһЩǷĹҲûȫƣܹ
ִԶ׽硪ҲԶĺǡ֮ⲻ
й⡣ǣӵҹûв˸ǣǴڴ
϶ûйĺĻ

    סºɭ֪һ䡢ʱһ㣬
ǸԶǵĹ⻹ûü򡱻˵ײ
ȻҲȷȴڲһҪ

    ΪҲ뵽ǣ20ͳİ˹̹һ˵˼룺
дϢٶȲܳ٣ɴ˷չۡ
УĳطĹ⻹ôϵ㲻ܻ
֪ǸطκϢڵ˵ǲֻǿеǣ
Ǹط߱κ塢޷Ƿڡ

    ǣɭġɼ桱ƹΪɹ۲桱observable 
universe֪棬ֻԹ⴫ϵǲ֡
֮⣬ǷȻ졢޻ޡ֣Ϊ޷
֪νˡ

    ڵϵǸԶ߻Ϊ赲һޣƽߡ
ӦأǿʱҲɹ۲桱ļޣ
Ҳӽ硱visible horizonڽ棬ӽľ¡
ȫڹٳ䣬Ӵըʼܴ
Զ롣

    ϸĵѧұɴ˷һΡ

    ڵڽӽӽľϹ۲⵽΢䡣ת
Ҳڽӽӽľ۲⵽΢䡣Ƕ
ӽ֮ڡǣΪǸԵ򣬱˴֮˽ӽ
ӽľ롣ը죬⡪κϢܴһ
ݵһߡ

    ˡ΢Ĺӳը󡰽30ʱ
ʱᣬӽڻ̫ࡣԣߵ΢ߵ΢
ӴܽϵϢ

    Ȼ۴ĸ΢ӶͬƵʡͬһ¶ȡ
ôԼáлСﵽƽ⡱ģ

    Ҳƽһˡǵôصɺ
ѹֵҿ˽ڻԴը۵ĿɿΪǡ

    ҿڿζĽһλĲʿԹۡ
ѧֻз˽⡣֧ڷգֻ¶˵
˵Ľռ򵥼ͦ˼⡣ΪЩڽе
оȫ磬ûȥĥ

    ȫ֪2꣬Ϊڽը
شͻƵ


ʮˣŵ֮ 


    ˹Alan Guthŷҿ˵Ľʱδʼѧ
ز۵вζѾһˡ֮ǰʡѧ
ԺʿҵѾ˹ٺ͸ױѧ3Ĳʿ󡣾
ЩϺκһֱûעĿĳɹûҵʽְ
ȻǸʿѾ31꣬ҵʱͽ˻飬ʱ
һСӡ

    е㱳о͵һʿڼ䣬п˵໥ã
ĸշ͹ʱˣͬʱֵġɫѧquantum chromo-
dynamicsǸ⡣˳

    ζʱŵѷKenneth Wilsonڷġ
ۡlattice gauge theoryüģ໥á˹
ΪӦ֣׫дƪģϣܳΪְλש

    ֪Ҳڴһиǿĳ

    ḻʣѧһֱһС
桪ǿһ򵥡ġռۡTheory of Everything
ġţٷ̫Ĺת͸ƻµӵͬѧ
ɡ˹ΤJames Clerk MaxwellһƯķ̽
ʹ໥ú϶Ϊһ

    ˹̹¶ȫԸҪ֤Ҳܺϲġͳ
һۡUnified Field Theoryֱ1955ʱȻûҳͷ
ʱѧȴѾôںǿļз
һƺΪͷ׵΢硣̫ȫԺԲơ
ڵ֮⣬ȴֳµ˵ȻԼһ
ӡӵġǿ໥áԭӺ˥еġ໥á

    ڰ˹̹ȥǰһ꣬32ĻѧChen Ning Yang
ڲ³˺Ĺʵҵİ칫ѡ27׶˹Robert Millsһ
ˡ淶ۡgauge theoryǷḷ́ܶ5ҳҲ
ûܽʲôʵ⣬ȴΪ۵ѧʽ˶ע⡣
ǰ˹Τ໥õĶԳƹΪһԵġġ
ԳơͼԴǿ໥ãûҵʵ;

    ԼԤϣΪ-׶˹˼ڶʮ
ͻȻʡ²ҳ໥õĶԳԣڹ淶ۿ
໥໥õͳһǿ໥ҲԹ˹ʧ֮
۵ɫѧʽɹ롣

    ˣšǿʵͳһһĹ淶ۡȻ
Ȼң⣬ѧҲںǺǵذ
ֱӽͳһۡGrand Unified Theory

    ҪΪһѵûû˵عĶרԼĹ˹
߷һһһֱ޶ԡ

    йϺ۳ĴԺHenry Tye˹ͬ꣬
ʡѧԺйͬһʿʦԺȹ˹ѧλҲ
ʿ֮ǰѾԴͳһԣǻ۵
δ˹ȴΪȻ

    ڵҿ˽󣬴Ժҵ˹ٴ˺оͳһ
еġŵmagnetic monopole⡣

    ͳһ˵ʹŵ˹Τ̹ȻȴһԵġȱݡ
ʹŵĲڷвôԳơһ¡ΪȻߴһ
𣺵идԭӺˣҲдĵӡȻҲϼ
֣֮д嶼ͬʱϱ޷롣ʹһ飬
ÿƬҲͬʱϱҲ˵ûеڵġϴźɡ
źɡеĻĴźɾͽŵ

    ѧʽϵĶԳжӵѧҲŵӦҲǴڵģֻ
ǻ߻δֻ֣ڵĻʺϡ˹Τڵ19
ڣ滨ѹѰҡĥ˹ڸױʿʱ
깦о

    ȷƹ˹Τ̵ĴͳһпдŵĴڡԺ
ϣ˹辶˹ȤȱȱΪѾ֪Ҫ족
ŵҪﵽ10^17ڵӷʱǿļѾܰ
ٵ500ڵӷɴŵȻңɼ˹Ըⲻʵʵ
ټ˷ʱ䡣

    ԺΪŵ²һ֪޷
ֹܻ֮ôͳһۼһ£
ڸ¸ѹʱӦóֹٴŵǷп졣

    ˹ȻΪ˽ͳһۣ֪ըһ
ȫʧЧ㡣ܲŵʱ̾ʵ̫ˣ
Ľȫû塣Ϊǰ;δĲʿóȻΡ

    ˼ǣ˵˹ĲǴԺ²

    ҿߺ꣬²Ҳζʡʱġӡ켫һ
ʱĽȫѧԵģΪʲôмڷӡ

    ӶӦӣӶӦзӡϤġ
ӵġ桱ͬԣĵ෴
ӱ˴ҲˮݡͻụûΪ
ǽ缸ȫɣֻзǳżȻ
֣ڸܼΪǵճв
Ӣ˵ˣPaul Dirac1928ϵԤ⡣
ѧԺİɭCarl Anderson1932зӵĹ켣
ʵ֤ʵڡɭͬѧйѧҢʵй
ס

    Ϊʲôǻˣ²񽲽˴ͳһν⡣
֮ǡӡ0.0000001ʱ
¶10ڣ10^13ȡʱֻпˣ뷴˵
ֻͬв죺ÿ300000000299999999ˡ
͡ȴУЩ˻ûȫʧֻʣ3
ڷ֮һˣγ˽첻зӵ硣

    ˡΪ˽3ڷ֮һԴ²ּ
ը10^-39ʱΡʱ¶Լ10^29ȣǸ˲š
һ̣ΪɺƶԳԵȱCP violation˵Ŀ
ôһ΢ƫ

    ϯеĹ˹ע⵽10^29¶ȣ10^17ڵ
ĻҲǲŵһȻ²Ĵ
ݵؽ㸽㣬ȻҲͬͬһʱ̵Ĵŵ
Ŀ

    ǣ²ߣ˹ҵԺȡйشͳһ۵ף
ͷѧ

    10^17ڵӷڴͳһһռλ㡣ֻ
ͳһ۲ʵ飺ǿΪ졢
Ϻ϶Ϊһֱ˴ˣʵʵڵؾͬһҲ˵
10^-39ʱֻһ໥ãҲͳһ
á

    ͣ¶ȡͺԭеĴͳһԳԻᷢԷ
ȱspontaneous symmetry breakingγֲֳͬĹ淶Գ
ԣֱӦڽ

    ˷չ淶֮󣬶ԳԺͶԳԵԷȱΪִ
ѧصĻʯ֮һʵѾãճҲż
ʡԴ˸ϸǰдĲġԳԷȱϣ˹
ӡ

    Һ̬ˮеˮȷֲġˮƽһ
ľתһĽǶȣˮӵķֲϿʲô仯ˣ
ˮпռƽƺתԳԡ̬ıͲһеˮӼ̶
ضľṹλϡƽƵľתĽǶȲ뾧
ܿŲˡˣ̬ıҺ̬ˮһƽơת
ԡˮɱʱԭеĶԳԱ㡰ȱˡһ̣еˮ
ӱһԵԼѡȡһλᣬνġԷȱȻ
ճˮʱֵľλøȡڡʵصӰ죬
ֻ²ŻԷȱ

    ˮʱͻȻɱĹѧн䡱phase tran-
sitionҺ˹ࡣͳһеĴͳһԳ¶ȽͶԷ
ȱʱҲƵ䡣УһϵӲ
ŵ

    ŪЩ֮󣬹˹ʹԺܿҵ˼ŵ;
Ƿֲȡͬģ͡õͬĽȡᣬŵ
Ŀ൱شȻǽҲŵʵ

    ǻΪʱյһƪĸ塣²
˹John PreskillҲͬļ㡣Ȼֻһ
˹ԼؽоҲֻ
лᵽʦ²֡

    Ľ˹ʹԺĲࣺݴͳһۣը֮Ӧ
ӡͬĴŵ˹һָ
ˣը۱鷳ˡŵ޴10^16
òܱԣԵӰ͹̡
ôŵ»͵ô˵汾
ٶʵþˡĻǽ治140ʷֻ
1200꣡

    ȻơǣŵΪͳһ۵һߣҲ
ը۵һδ⡣

    ˹ʹԺǰաʸĲʿȻһδé®
оȡΪѾŬȫֻֽ߾
ȫͼѰһڴըбŵţüһ
Լ㡣

    򲻸ˡ1979ʱ˹ڸжڵĳĩӰӵ㣬
ҵһԣŵĲͳһ䷢¶ȡʱ൱С
ڴը֮һ㡢¶ԵһʱֵĴŵĿ
΢

    һԣˮ¶ȽʱᷢĳЩض
£ǳˮҲԽνġ䡱supercooling״̬
ȻҺ̬Ļˮ䵽ºüʮȡ
ֹҲܳ룬ͳһԳȱ
ûӦ÷¶ʵ֣Ҳһʱ䣬ӳٵȴ
Ե¶Ȳŷƿŵ

    ȻҲ֮Ĵͳһܷɻƣ
˸һĳɹԷԼˡ˹ʱ
Ѿ൱Ĺע˵Ҳⷽģʵڲ
ȡˣܹ˹ֲڵ뷨ţҲòӽ
㣬׫дķ

    һƬæУԺͻȻѹ˹йôһ
ӳ䣬᲻͵ٶȱҲĳʵԵӰ죿

δ


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