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ļ˿ȤĶ߲֤

Yanchun Jia

Ŀ
ӢĿAmerican Orientalism
ߣӢ
ʦ
ʱ䣺1999510

ĵviiiҳOriental studies, a style of thought and the 
corporate institution are the three meanings of Saids Orientalism.
ԴPost-colonialism and the politics of Kenya ߣD. 
Pal S. Ahluwalia, 3ҳ
ԭģFor Said, Orientalism means three things, all of which are 
interdependent: an academic discipline, a style of thought and a 
corporate institution for dealing with the Orient.

ĵviiiҳ(25ҳͬ) Orientalism came into full 
flower in Britain and France, the great empire builders of the 
nineteenth century.
ԴJapan: A Reinterpretation, Patrick Smith 9ҳ
ԭģ Orientalism came into full flower in Britain and France, 
the great empire builders of the nineteenth century.

ĵviiiҳ(25ҳͬ)America developed its own 
version of Orientalism after the Second World War.
ԴJapan: A Reinterpretation, Patrick Smith, 6ҳ
ԭģAmerica developed its own version of Orientalism after the 
Second World War.

ĵixҳIn general, it is the generic term that I am 
employing to describe the Americans particular experience with and 
approach to the Chinese.
ԴJapanese management in America and Britain: revelation 
or requiem for Western industrial democracy? , Donald Duncan Gordon 
26ҳ
ԭģOrientalism is the generic term, that I have been employing 
to describe the Western approach to the Orient.

ĵixҳLogically, Images are not and have never been 
necessarily the same as reality.
ԴWestern images of China, Colin Mackerras, Oxford 
University Press, 1989 - 2ҳ
ԭģImages are not and have never been necessarily the same as 
reality.

ĵixҳRealism, in the arts, is the attempt to portray life 
as it is.
ԴThe World Book Student Information Finder: Language 
arts and social studies, World Book, Inc, World Book Encyclopedia, 
World Book, 1993 - 202ҳ
ԭģRealism in the arts, is the attempt to portray life as it is.

ĵixҳTo the realist, the artist's main function is to 
describe as accurately and honestly as possible what can be observed 
through the senses.
ԴThe World book student handbook: student information 
finder, World Book, 1979 -295ҳ
ԭģTo the realist, the artist's main function is to describe as 
accurately and honestly as possible what can be observed through the 
senses. 

ĵxҳIts force is in the power and vitality of its 
representation.
ԴOrientalism, Edward W. Said, 291ҳ
ԭģ its force is in the power and vitality of words

ĵ1ҳthe more we learn about relations between the 
Chinese and the Americans in the 19th century, the more the evidence 
emerges of feelings of both hostility and tolerance.
ԴThe tarnished dream: the basis of American 
anti-SemitismMichael N. Dobkowski - 1979 C 12ҳ
ԭģThe more we learn about relations between Jews and their 
fellow countrymen in the early days of the nation, the more the 
evidence emerges of feelings of both hostility and tolerance.

ĵ2ҳThe story of the American people is the story of 
immigrants.
Դ'To Banish Ghost and Goblin': New Essays on Irish 
Culture ߣDavid Clark, Rubn Jarazo lavez (Eds.) 95ҳ
ԭģThe story of the American people is the story of immigrants.

ĵ2ҳuprooted themselves from their homeland and start 
anew in the newest civilization of the world, the United States of 
America.
ԴThe Chinese in the United States of America, Rose Hum 
Lee,  1ҳ
ԭģuproot themselves from their homeland and start anew in 
the newest civilization of the world, the United States of America,

ĵ2ҳwas largely successful in systematically denying 
Chinese-Americans their civil rights and for decades excluding them 
from the shores of the United States.
ԴGeographical abstracts: Human geography,  14  
5-8  689ҳ
ԭģwas largely successful in systematically denying 
Chinese-Americans their civil rights and for decades excluding them 
from the shores of the United States.

ĵ2ҳGeographically, California  occupies a unique 
position in the West: This is the last place / There is nowhere left 
to go.
ԴCalifornia writers: Jack London, John Steinbeck, the 
tough guys, Stoddard Martin 5ҳ
ԭģGeographically, California occupies a unique position in the 
West ('This is the last place/There is nowhere left to go') 

ĵ3ҳThe Chinese were recruited to extract metals and 
minerals, construct a vast railroad network, reclaim swamplands, build 
irrigation systems, work as migrant agricultural laborers, develop the 
fishing industry, and operate highly competitive manufacturing 
industries.
ԴThe living tree: the changing meaning of being Chinese 
today, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991, 186ҳ
ԭģthey were employed to extract metals and minerals, to 
construct a vast railroad network, reclaim swamplands, build 
irrigation systems, work as migrant agricultural laborers, develop the 
fishing industry, and operate highly competitive, labor-intensive 
manufacturing industries.

ĵ3ҳThe Central Pacific Railroad Company employed about 
15,000 Chinese laborers to construct the Transcontinental Railroad.
Դ The multilingual Apple: languages in New York City 
ߣOfelia Garca,Joshua A. Fishman232ҳ
ԭģThe completion of the first transcontinental railway was 
immediately followed by four more lines. Chinese were employed on all 
of them. On the Northern Pacific 
alone, there were about 15000 recorded Chinese workers (Chen 1980: 
76).

ĵ3ҳChinese cultivating, planting, and harvesting in 
vineyards, orchards, and ranches
ԴThe Chinese-American experience, Dana Ying-Hui Wu, 
Jeffrey Dao-Sheng Tung - 1993 C 42ҳ
ԭģThey did the planting, cultivating, and harvesting in the 
vineyards, orchards, and ranches ...

ĵ4ҳjust what early California civilization most wanted 
these men could and would supply.
ԴThe story of California from the earliest days to the 
present, Henry Kittredge Norton - 1924 -284ҳ
ԭģJust what early California civilization most wanted these 
men could and would 
supply.

ĵ4ҳEven their cleanliness, unobtrusiveness and industry 
were everywhere praised.
ԴThe story of California from the earliest days to the 
present, Henry Kittredge Norton - 1924 -285ҳ
ԭģTheir cleanliness, unobtrusiveness and industry were 
everywhere praised.

ĵ6ҳprejudiced, anti-Chinese movement which ran riot in 
the West. Various schemes were proposed for ridding the country of the 
Chinese as if they were a pest.
ԴThe story of California from the earliest days to the 
present, Henry Kittredge Norton - 1924 -291ҳ
ԭģprejudiced, anti-Chinese movement ran riot. Various 
schemes were proposed for ridding the country of the Chinese as if 
they were a pest.

ĵ6ҳIn connection with a violent race hatred, it kept the 
California in turmoil for the first thirty years of its existence.
ԴThe story of California from the earliest days to the 
present, Henry Kittredge Norton - 1924 -283-296ҳ
ԭģIn connection with a violent racehatred, it kept the state 
in turmoil for the first thirty years of its existence.

ĵ10-11ҳgradually advanced into the mainstream of 
American thoughtfirst in newspapers, advertising, then in popular 
books, and finally in scholarly papers, texts, and filmsIt becomes 
the new paradigm.
ԴJapan: A Reinterpretation, Patrick Smith 14ҳ
ԭģThis picture gradually advanced into the mainstream of 
American thought  first in scholarly papers and texts, then in 
popular books, and finally in films, newspapers, and advertising. It 
became, in short, the new paradigm.

ĵ21ҳ problems of crossed identity and imposed 
inferiority and even a raging hatred for the colonizer surface in the 
consciousness of the colonized people..
ԴTriveni: journal of Indian renaissance,  75  16
ҳ
ԭģObviously, problems of crossed identity, imposed inferiority 
and even a raging hatred for the colonizer surface in the 
consciousness of the colonized people.

ĵ21ҳSaids work highlights the inaccuracies of a wide 
variety of assumptions as it questions various paradigms of thought 
which are accepted on individual, academic, and political levels.
Դ Orientalism, Edward Said, 1979 & Post-colonial women 
writers: new perspectives ߣSunita Sinha 5ҳ
ԭģSaids work highlights the inaccuracies of a wide variety 
of assumptions as it questions various paradigms of thought which are 
accepted on individual, academic, and political levels.

ĵ22ҳThe Orient exists for the West, and is constructed by 
and in relation to the West. It is a mirror image of what is inferior 
and alien ("Other") to the West.
ԴPost-colonial women writers: new perspectives ߣ
Sunita Sinha 5ҳ
ԭģThe Orient exists for the West, and is constructed by and in 
relation to the West. It is a mirror image of what is inferior and 
alien ("Other") to the West.

ĵ22ҳThe Oriental is the person represented by such 
thinking: the man is depicted as feminine, weak, yet strangely 
dangerous because it poses a threat to white, Western women; the woman 
is both eager to be dominated and strikingly exotic. The Oriental is a 
single image, a sweeping generalization, and a stereotype that crosses 
countless cultural and national boundaries.
ԴOrientalism and American Immigration - A Social Work 
View ߣRegina Mignano P13-14
ԭģThe Oriental is the person represented by such thinking: 
the man is depicted as feminine, weak, yet strangely dangerous because 
it poses a threat to white, Western women; the woman is both eager to 
be dominated and strikingly exotic. The Oriental is a single image, a 
sweeping generalization, and a stereotype that crosses countless 
cultural and national boundaries.

ĵ24ҳOne of the features of Orientalism is the position 
of the observer to the observed: the one is always superior to the 
other.
ԴJapan: A Reinterpretation, Patrick Smith 5ҳ
ԭģOne of its features was the position of the observer to 
the observed: The one was always superior to the other.

ĵ25ҳ(ժҪviiiͬ) Orientalism came into full 
flower in Britain and France, the great empire builders of the 
nineteenth century.
ԴJapan: A Reinterpretation, Patrick Smith 9ҳ
ԭģ Orientalism came into full flower in Britain and France, 
the great empire builders of the nineteenth century.

ĵ25ҳ(ժҪviiiͬ)America developed its own 
version of Orientalism after the Second World War.
ԴJapan: A Reinterpretation, Patrick Smith, 6ҳ
ԭģAmerica developed its own version of Orientalism after the 
Second World War.

ĵ27ҳthe differences between an English speaker and a 
French speaker. For the former the Orient was Indian, an actual 
British possession; for the French speaker, the pilgrim was imbued 
with a sense of acute loss in the Orient.
Դ Orientalism, Edward Said, 1979169-170ҳ
ԭģthe differences between an English speaker and a French 
speaker. For the former the Orient was India, of course, an actual 
British possession In contrast, the French pilgrim was imbued with a 
sense of acute loss in the Orient.

ĵ27ҳ American Orientalism is the generic term that I 
am employing to describe the Americans particular experience with 
and approach to the Chinese.
ԴJapanese management in America and Britain: revelation 
or requiem for Western industrial democracy? , Donald Duncan Gordon 
26ҳ
ԭģOrientalism is the generic term, that I have been employing 
to describe the Western approach to the Orient.

ĵ28ҳThis is the key point of Saids theory: 
representations could never really be natural depictions of the 
Orient. Instead, they are constructed images, images that need to be 
interrogated for their ideological content.
ԴOrientalism, Edward Said, 1978204ҳ & A shtetl in 
disguise: Israeli Bourekas films and their origins in classical 
Yiddish literature ߣRami N. Kimchi, University of Michigan113ҳ
ԭģEdward Said  emphasizes the fact that representations can 
never be totally realistic Instead, it is made of constructed images, 
images that need to be interrogated for their ideological content

ĵ51ҳThe 19th century West Coast witnessed the 
significant development of an often oppressed Asian community, whose 
urban experience was recorded in the short stories by Harte.
ԴColumbia literary history of the United States, ߣ
Emory Elliott, P516-517
ԭģDuring the same period the West Coast also witnessed the 
significant development of an often oppressed Asian community, whose 
urban experience was first recorded in the short stories collected in 
Mrs. Spring Fragrance, .

ĵ51ҳAs early as from 1853 on, the Chinese were marked 
for persecution.
ԴAh Sin and his brethren in American literature, ߣ
William Purviance FennCollege of Chinese Studies cooperating with 
California College in China, 1933 - 131 ҳ
ԭģand from 1853 on, the Chinese were marked for 
persecution.

ĵ51ҳThey were stoned, robbed, maltreated in the street.
ԴChinese immigration, Mary Elizabeth Burroughs Roberts 
Smith Coolidge - 1909 - 531 ҳ
ԭģthey were stoned, robbed, maltreated in the streets.

ĵ51ҳThe Chinese Must Go became the dominant political 
issue in California.
ԴAh Sin and his brethren in American literature, ߣ
William Purviance FennCollege of Chinese Studies cooperating with 
California College in China, 1933 - 131 ҳ
ԭģThe Chinese Must Go had no become the dominant political 
issue in California,

ĵ51ҳThere are two sources for the anti-Chinese agitation: 
The strangeness of their appearance and ways, and their competition in 
various fields of labor.
ԴAh Sin and his brethren in American literature, ߣ
William Purviance FennCollege of Chinese Studies cooperating with 
California College in China, 1933 - 131 ҳ
ԭģThis antagonism toward the Chinese appears to have had two 
main sources; the strangeness of their appearance and ways, and their 
competition in various fields of labor.

ĵ51ҳAlthough most of his fiction is romantically 
impressionistic, some of Hartes works contain stark realism as well 
as social criticism, including attacks on discrimination against 
ethnic minorities.
ԴThe Encyclopedia Americana, Grolier Incorporated C 
1988, P827
ԭģAlthough his most familiar fiction is romantically 
impressionistic, some of his works contain stark realism as well as 
social criticism, including attacks on discrimination against ethnic 
minorities.

ĵ87ҳif a white man robs, they make him leave the camp; 
and when a Chinaman does that thing, they hang him.
ԴA companion to Mark Twain ߣPeter B. Messent,Louis 
J. Budd 56ҳ
ԭģwhen a white man robs a sluice-box (by the term white man 
is meant Spaniards, Mexicans, Portuguese, Irish, Hondurans, Peruvians, 
Chileans, etc., etc.), they make him leave the camp; and when a 
Chinaman does that thing, they hang him.

ĵ97ҳhe emerges as a naive, complacent, intolerant, 
unsympathetic Chinese.
ԴAmerican Literature in Context,  3  ߣAndrew 
Hook,Arnold Goldman1983, 82ҳ
ԭģ emerges as no more than a naive, complacent, intolerant, 
unsympathetic, culturally-deprived, nineteenth-century American.

ĵ97ҳhe has no sense of values other than business, 
commercial, practical one; he is morally prudish, ignorant of art and 
linguistically corrupt.
ԴAmerican Literature in Context,  3  ߣAndrew 
Hook,Arnold Goldman1983, 82ҳ
ԭģhe has no sense of values other than business, commercial, 
practical one; he is morally prudish, ignorant of art and 
linguistically corrupt.

ĵ103ҳע29Դµ
Mark Twain-Howells letters: the correspondence of Samuel L. 
Clemens and William D. Howells, 1872-1910, Mark Twain, William Dean 
Howells, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1960 C 206ҳ

ĵ114ҳIn his most ironic voice Twain poses the claims of 
civilization against its acts in the occupied nations and concluded 
that the person sitting in darkness would shortly have no choice 
but to raise himself down to the level of civilization in order to 
defend himself from its rapacious exploiters.
ԴJR LeMaster and James D. Wilson, eds. The Mark Twain 
Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1993 388 ҳ
ԭģIn his most ironic voice Twain poses the claims of 
civilization against its acts in the occupied nations and concluded 
that the person sitting in darkness would shortly have no choice 
but to raise himself down to the level of civilization in order to 
defend himself from its rapacious exploiters.

ĵ114-115ҳIn this essay, Twain created a national 
sensation as well as a savage debate between him and the American 
board of Foreign Mission; it was a masterful and satiric polemic 
condemning imperialism and the West for military intervention in China, 
South Africa, and the Philippines.
ԴJR LeMaster and James D. Wilson, eds. The Mark Twain 
Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1993 261 ҳ
ԭģ created a national sensation as well as a savage debate 
between Twain and the American board of Foreign Mission; it is a 
masterful and satiric polemic condemning imperialism and the West for 
military intervention in China, South Africa, and the Philippines.

ĵ115ҳTwain cogently attacked the immoral and unchristian 
underpinnings of these unjust punishments.
ԴJR LeMaster and James D. Wilson, eds. The Mark Twain 
Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1993 94 ҳ
ԭģTwain cogently attacked the immoral and unchristian 
underpinnings of these unjust punishments.

ĵ118ҳthe local colorist often stops at a more 
superficial level of coverage, while the true realist pushes beyond 
those bounds.
ԴJR LeMaster and James D. Wilson, eds. The Mark Twain 
Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1993 626 ҳ
ԭģThe local colorist often stops at a more superficial level 
of coverage, while the true regionalist pushes beyond those bounds

ĵ118-119ҳTo the realist, the artist's main function is 
to describe as accurately and honestly as possible what can be 
observed through the senses. In part, realism has been a revolt 
against classicism and romanticism. As is known, classicists show life 
as being more rational and orderly than it really is. And Romanticists 
show life as being more emotionally exciting and satisfying than it 
normally is. In Contrast, realists try to be as objective as possible 
and not to distort life by forcing it to agree with their own desires 
or principles.
ԴThe World book student handbook: student information 
finder, World Book, 1979 -295ҳ
ԭģTo the realist, the artist's main function is to describe as 
accurately and honestly as possible what can be observed through the 
senses. . In part, realism has been a revolt against classicism and 
romanticism. The works of classicists show life as being more 
rational and orderly than it really isThe works of classicists show 
life as being more rational and orderly than it really is. 
Romanticists' works show life as being more emotionally exciting and 
satisfying than it normally is. ..Realists try to be as objective as 
possible. They try not to distort life by forcing it to agree with 
their own desires

ĵ119ҳHowells, to whom Twain often turned for advice and 
criticism, insisted on verisimilitude, calling for the artist to 
portray life as it was.
ԴJR LeMaster and James D. Wilson, eds. The Mark Twain 
Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1993 623ҳ
ԭģHowells, to whom Twain often turned for advice and criticism, 
led the reaction to early nineteenth-century romanticism in the United 
States. Howells insisted on verisimilitude, calling for the artist to 
portray life as it was.

ĵ119ҳThe main theme of Henry James the Art of 
Fiction reveals his literary credo that representation of life 
should be the main object of the novel.
Դѧѧϰָ ߣͤ,˨, 91ҳ
ԭģThe main theme of Henry James the Art of Fiction 
reveals his literary credo that representation of life should be the 
main object of the novel.

ĵ119ҳwhereas Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower 
strata of society.
Դѧѧϰָ ߣͤ,˨, 209-210ҳ
ԭģwhereas Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of 
society.

ĵ120-121ҳJohn Quarles became a Universalist  a 
believer in the doctrine that all mankind will be saved and not only 
the elect ; that truth and righteousness are controlling powers in the 
universe, and that Good must therefore triumph over Evil.
ԴMark Twain social criticPhilip Sheldon Foner 165ҳ
ԭģJohn Quarles became a Universalist  a believer in the 
doctrine that all mankind will be saved and not only the elect ; that 
truth and righteousness are controlling powers in the universe, and 
that Good must therefore triumph over Evil.

ĵ121ҳhave neglected the influence exerted during these 
very years by the liberal views of his heretical father and uncle.
ԴMark Twain social criticPhilip Sheldon Foner 166ҳ
ԭģhave neglected the influence exerted during these very 
years by the liberal views of his heretical father and uncle.

ĵ121ҳTwain sympathizes with the spiritual side of 
humanity. Twain took his stand on common-sense and thought scorn of 
affectation of every sort. He understood sinners and strugglers and 
weaklings; and he was not harsh with them, reserving his scorching 
hatred for hypocrites and pretenders and frauds.
ԴInquiries & Opinions ߣBrander Matthews, P166
ԭģHe sympathizes with the spiritual side of humanity.Twain 
takes his stand Humanist on common sense and' thinks scorn of 
affectation of every sort. He understands sinners and strugglers and 
weaklings; and he is not harsh with them, reserving his scorching 
hatred for hypocrites and pretenders and frauds.

ĵ121ҳand occasionally subverted, culturally accepted 
notions of nation, class, race, ethnicity.
ԴAsian America through the lens: history, 
representations, and identity ߣJun Xing, P65
ԭģand sometimes subvert culturally accepted notions of nation, 
class, race, ethnicity

ĵ122ҳTwain stays within the American tradition of 
fairness and equality that had been espoused by such men as Thomas 
Paine and Henry David Thoreau.
ԴJR LeMaster and James D. Wilson, eds. The Mark Twain 
Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1993 436ҳ
ԭģhe also stayed within the American tradition of fairness and 
equality that had been espoused by such men as Thomas Paine and Henry 
David Thoreau.

ĵ122ҳTwains purpose is to forced his audience to 
recognize humanity's foolishness and society's myriad injustices.
ԴTwentieth-century literary criticism,  12 Gale 
Research Company, Gale Research Co., 1984 C 423ҳ
ԭģTwain forced his audience to recognize humanity's 
foolishness and society's myriad injustices.

ĵ123ҳע42, A minority group is subordinate group whose 
members have significantly less control or power over their own lives 
than the members of a dominant or majority group.
ԴSociology : an Introduction, Schaefer, Richard T, 
177ҳ
ԭģA minority group is a subordinate group whose members have 
significantly less control or power over their own lives than the 
members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs.

ĵ123ҳע44, The Religious minorities are groups who 
have a religion other than the dominant faith. In the United States, 
the religious minorities include  Muslims, 
ԴMedia, Minorities, and Meaning: A Critical Introduction, 
Debra L. Merskin C 87ҳ
ԭģReligious minorities are those people who have a religion 
other than the dominant faith, which in the case of the United States 
is Christianity. US religious minorities include Jews, Muslims,

ĵ132ҳNaturalism, in literature, is the attempt to apply 
scientific theory and methods to imaginative writing.
ԴThe World Book encyclopedia: A.World Book, Inc - 1996 
- 1004 ҳ, Wallace, Alfred R. 
ԭģNaturalism, in literature, is the attempt to apply 
scientific theory and methods to imaginative writing.

ĵ132ҳThey reported truthfully and objectively, with a 
passion for scientific accuracy and an overwhelming accumulation of 
factual detail.
ԴHowells and the age of realism, Everett Carter - 1954 
- 307 ҳ
ԭģ report truthfully and objectively, with a passion for 
scientific accuracy and an overwhelming accumulation of factual detail.

ĵ132ҳBoth realism and naturalism describe a special view 
of experience and a philosophic stance. The realists value the 
material universe, the events that occur in it, and the observable 
causes of those events, and feel a profound obligation to report them 
accurately, fully, and, above all, objectively. The naturalists have a 
philosophic bias in their reporting, and that bias defines their 
intention and their method. They believe that mens lives and actions 
are determined by heredity, environment and natural laws. To this end 
they use fiction as a laboratory in which to experiment with life 
under controlled condition.
ԴThe Encyclopedia Americana, Grolier Incorporated C 
1996 294ҳ
ԭģDespite their apparent similarities, realism and naturalism 
should be clearly differentiated. Each describes a special view of 
experience and a philosophic stance. Realists value the material 
universe, the events that occur in it, and the observable causes of 
those events, and feel a profound obligation to report them accurately, 
fully, and, above all, objectively. Naturalists, on the other hand, 
have a philosophic bias in their reporting, and that bias defines 
their intention and their method. They believe that peoples lives 
and actions are determined by heredity, environment and natural laws. 
To this end naturalists use fiction as a laboratory in which to 
experiment with life under controlled condition.

ĵ132-133ҳThe naturalists, trying to be as objective as a 
laboratory scientist, in their theory of life , are more pessimistic 
than realists.
ԴThe Encyclopedia Americana, Grolier Incorporated C 
1996 65ҳ
ԭģThe naturalist tries to be as objective as a laboratory 
scientist. In their theory of life, naturalists are more pessimistic 
than realists.

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5) ѡ鲿ǧ˼ƻ˲
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ϷбġѧٲӦѧ

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