                           ˿µϣ20101007գ

10.10.06ûи
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                            ӡ

ʯɽԺѰｫФߵʯɽԺ
ΪܺˣԴһЩͬΪԹɱˣδ죩߸Ϊǡ
¡

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ΪФԷӵĲָۡ󲿷ѾʧЧ
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Фȫý壬ѧͬʺͷӵĹ
ת人ЭҽԺٷվЭšר
http://www.whuh.com/js/Show.asp?ArticleID=1516
ҪԱѩޡ
˳𲻱ĲΪˡ
Ժʿʱŵʱ룬˳𲻿ɲ
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2006.6.8

http://www.rainbowplan.org/bbs/topic.php?topic=40302&select=&forum=1
Ҹ˵ʲô˳𲻱ĲΪ ϰ (45ֽ) 08/03 02:55
Ҹ˵ʲô˳𲻱ĲΪ

ǽ̳ http://www.enlight-tech.com/bbs/red/
ͽ: ϰ  2006-08-03 02:55:11
ش: ǺǣϴͻȻĳʲô  Ԫ  2006-08-03 02:48:57
by whatever means.
һ¡
пһ١  (1156ֽ) 08/08 18:24
綼ϰ˵ˣЩǮʰô࣬ͼ
ʰӦú׵
TEST,лл ()˹ (0ֽ) 08/09 01:04
϶лλ. ˹ (422ֽ) 11/27 12:31
ı,һ. ѧҪ͵סį,ѩ޳ҲҪ.֮,
˳ر,by whatever means.
,лҹڷõĵ.. ҵľʵȴҹƵҪ1-2
.
ӹײϵŶ:Ϯѧ;˽Ф;Ϯӱ ˹ 
(1058ֽ) 01/13 00:05
ФӦʶΣԼ,˸񼫱ɵѧ֮һ.Ф
ûС^&^,Фе汾,Фгر.
˵һ:ֻڱȺͺǽ. ˹ (111ֽ) 01/26 04:06
ֻа˹(ڴ),ϰ(ںǽ).ǰںWWWW.˶.
,ФblogʵϹ.
ФûϷ֣ rich (7990ֽ) 08/30 01:58
"ʿѾΪԺʿǵЦˣλΧ ()ȳ (0ֽ) 
08/30 10:01
MMD,һ¾,:-) ˹ (138ֽ) 08/31 00:58
æ֪.ŵ,ôΪǲϹ.лѵ֮
. ø,𻹵ñ,Ϸó... һ̨Ϸ

http://www.rainbowplan.org/bbs/topic.php?topic=83893&select=&forum=1
ФλLLM-ZT ˹ (2934ֽ) 02/06 19:04 (816393)
ͽ: ˹  2008-02-06 19:04:57
ߵ⣬Ҫػ£׬Ǯ...BTW
ȷ֪YUSHһ˭ˣǵĹѵ
Ʊж񱨣ǲʱû

http://www.webjb2.org/webjb/viewtopic.php?topic=40611&select=&forum=01
ƶбֻ١һ·Ȱ
ͽ: ˹  2009-08-10 00:15:02
Ǿ仰£׬Ǯ

http://www.webjb2.org/webjb/viewtopic.php?topic=41801&select=&forum=01
Ф£׬ǮѸˣõ˸
ͽ: ˹  2009-08-14 19:39:53
ҪվϧһдۣݻڰʲôӱӲ
ӵĹӲӲǮгر

http://www.starlakeporch.net/bbs/read.php?1,56338,56419#msg-56419
Posted by: CG
Date: November 11, 2009 09:25PM
Էӣζ,ҵĵˡˣ˴˶޶
ɷҲ᲻ϧķʽ

http://www.starlakeporch.net/bbs/read.php?1,59302,59302#msg-59302
Posted by: CG
Date: December 24, 2009 11:46AM
ǷΪԺ40000Ԫ֮֯ĺŻ׶Ƿ
в߹ǲۡ

http://www.starlakeporch.net/bbs/read.php?1,62409,62428#msg-62428
ֻ֣©ҪⱨӦġҲвĺԼ
ҲϣͷһӿѧԽԽ
Ӧˣ-㿴ҺëҺ

(XYS20101007)

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ԡĻԺйѧ

ߣSam Greall
Ӣ塷20109/10ºϿ

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л񹲺͹ڳΪһƼ˭йصʵأ
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ӺͷĿѧʿ¸ҵغ

༭¡ڱĸӡ֮󣬷ҲڱϮֻ΢ˡ

Articles > Volume 125 Issue 5 September/October 2010 >
Lies, damn lies and Chinese science

The People's Republic is becoming a technological superpower, but 
who's checking the facts? Sam Geall seeks out the Chinese science cops
 Sam Geall
What is the definition of a good person? Wang Jisi, dean of the 
School of International Studies at Peking University, asked at a 
graduation address in July. His answer: He does not cheat in exams, 
or plagiarise another scholars work, or cut corners in construction 
projects, or sell fake goods or accept bribes. All fairly 
uncontroversial, you might think, especially considering the occasion. 
But, in fact, Wang was bravely addressing an issue that surfaces 
almost every day in the Chinese media. He was taking a stand in the 
continuing battle between those who uphold academic and scientific 
values and those others who can still achieve high status and rewards 
in China from peddling pseudoscience.
One way to capture the size and scope of this battle is through an 
examination of the fortunes of two men whose names have, over the last 
two months, been almost inescapable in newspapers, magazines, 
microblogs and television debates: Zhang Wuben and Tang Jun.
Zhang Wuben is a 47-year-old nutritional therapist from Beijing, whose 
best-known claim, elaborated in his book Cure the Diseases You Get 
from Eating by Eating, is that consuming half a kilogram of mung beans 
every day can cure diabetes and short-sightedness, while eating five 
times that amount improves a patients chances of surviving various 
cancers. A frequent guest on television talk shows, his clinic was so 
popular that regular 300-yuan (29) consultations, which lasted ten 
minutes, were booked up until 2012. Patients who wanted a fast-track 
service could pay 5,000 yuan (483) for an emergency appointment with 
the health guru.
However, public sentiment turned against Zhang after the price of mung 
beans tripled, reportedly due to the popularity of his health advice. 
Rumours spread that he was hoarding beans and speculating on rising 
prices. Then attention turned to his resum: Zhang, who opposes the 
use of conventional medicines, had said he was descended from three 
generations of Traditional Chinese Medicine specialists, but it turned 
out that he used to be a textile worker, like his father before him. 
The Chinese Ministry of Health denied he had the advanced level 
nutritionist qualification that he claimed on his website. The 
authorities in Beijing tore down Zhangs ornate headquarters near the 
Olympic stadium, claiming it had been built illegally.
Then there is Tang Jun, motivational speaker and high-profile CEO of 
New Huadu Industrial Group, who, early on, was also widely feted in 
the Chinese media. China Radio International lauded his genius and 
(in a characteristically mangled Chinglish phrase) his ice-breaking 
success. But his reputation has since received a public battering. 
Patents he claimed to have filed did not exist. Neither did Tangs 
purported PhD from the California Institute of Technology. His degree 
was from an unaccredited diploma mill called Pacific Western 
University. This revelation added an ironic twist to the title of Tang
s autobiography, My Success Can Be Replicated.
What these two cases also have in common is the role played by China
s science advocates C such as Fang Xuanchang, science and technology 
editor at Caijing magazine, and the biochemist-turned-columnist Fang 
Shimin (no relation, better known by his pen name Fang Zhouzi), who 
runs the influential (though frequently blocked) watchdog website New 
Threads.
Fang Zhouzi, sometimes called the science cop, claims to have 
exposed more than 900 cases of academic fraud in China. It was his 
investigation that brought to light the controversy around Tang Juns 
qualifications. Tang has since said he will sue Fang for libel C and 
its not the first time he has faced such a threat. In 2006 Fang 
dismissed as unfounded the claim that the academic Liu Zihua had used 
ancient Chinese philosophy to discover a tenth planet in the solar 
system. Despite the fact Liu had already been dead for 14 years, his 
family successfully sued Fang, fining him 20,000 yuan (around 2,000).
This libel judgement led Song Zhenghai, of the Chinese Academy of 
Sciences Institute for the History of Natural Science, to launch a 
petition to remove the term pseudoscience from the countrys 
science popularisation law, claiming Fang had used the term to help 
stifle innovative sciences based on traditional cultures. The 
petition was unsuccessful, although it was signed by 150 advocates of 
traditional theories in science and medicine. And while the censorious 
use of libel laws to stifle legitimate journalism and debate is 
worrying, some of the other reactions to the Chinese rationalists have 
been more shocking, veering into anger, paranoia C and even violence.
A notable example occurred after maverick philosopher Li Ming claimed 
in 2006 to have found a new way to solve a mathematics problem known 
as the four-colour theorem, under the shared guidance of [Daoist 
philosopher] Laozi and [Immanuel] Kant. (This theorem states that a 
contiguous map requires no more than four colours to fill the 
different regions of the map, so that no two adjacent regions are of 
the same colour.) Fang Zhouzi was sceptical, and wrote on his website 
that Li was a crank. So Li replied by publicly proposing a civilised 
duel to the death: if the philosopher could not crack the theorem, 
he would commit suicide. If he succeeded, Fang Zhouzi should kill 
himself. Fang declined the bet, saying it was unscientific and inhumane. 
Li failed to crack the theorem.
Some responses have been still less civilised. Earlier this year, 
Fang Zhouzi appeared alongside fellow science journalist Fang 
Xuanchang on a television debate about earthquake prediction. An 
official from Chinas national earthquake administration spoke 
positively on the programme about parrots that can predict tremblors 
and the paranormal abilities of a man who claimed he heard ringing in 
his ears before the April earthquake in Yushu, northwest China. Ren 
Zhenqiu C a scholar formerly at the Chinese Academy of Meteorological 
Sciences, who argues that science should not be based solely on 
repeatable experiments and endorses a traditional philosophy known as 
the Eight Diagrams C accused the science activists of taking 
money from the United States government intended to stifle Chinese 
innovation. After the recording, Fang Zhouzi claimed on his blog, Ren 
Zhenqiu said he was a big Chinese traitor and threw a punch at him.
Then someone tried to kill Fang Xuanchang. On 24 June, Fang finished 
work around 10pm and began his walk home. Half an hour later, nearing 
his apartment in Beijing, he felt a sudden blow, which he initially 
mistook for a football bouncing off his back. Fang turned to see two 
large men behind him brandishing steel bars. He tried to run away C 
and then to shield himself C as the men struck him repeatedly across 
his back and head. As Fang stumbled towards a passing taxi, his 
clothes soaked in blood, the attackers left the scene. That night at 
Beijings Navy General Hospital, doctors stitched a five-centimetre 
wound on the back of his head. His assailants behaved like 
professionals, Fang told me, executing the brutal attack in about four 
minutes and showing little concern about passersby. Their goal was 
clear, he said in an email message on 30 June. That was to kill me 
on the spot, or stop me from reaching the hospital in time, so that I 
would bleed to death.
No one knows who tried to kill Fang Xuanchang and few people seem to 
care. More than a month later, the attackers remain at large, despite 
Caijing magazines best efforts to involve the police and the All 
China Journalists Federation. Nor has this been the end of the threats. 
On 2 July, Fang Zhouzi wrote on his Sina microblog that he had 
received a threatening phone call. Be careful in the next few days, 
the voice said. Someone is going to fix you. In comparison to the 
controversies around Zhang Wuben and Tang Jun, there has been little 
coverage of the beating: it was reported in brief in the Beijing 
newspapers, but no reports asked why someone might want to attack a 
science journalist. This is hardly surprising C for Chinese 
journalists, the message of the attack is clear: dont go near the 
subject, or you might be next.
But the debunkers have not fallen silent, and upon encountering Fang 
this is not surprising. I first met the 37-year-old editor about a 
month before the attack at a chic coffee shop in Beijings financial 
district. Fang cuts an imposing, brawny figure, yet speaks quietly, 
quickly and with an insistent tone that makes it hard to get a word in. 
He told me about his interest in the lost spirit of Chinas 
anti-imperialist May Fourth Movement: the early 20th-century cultural 
and political uprising that championed critical thought and innovation, 
guided by two enlightenment concepts famously personified as Mr 
Science and Mr Democracy. Not many people understand the work 
we are doing, he said. Most Chinese peoples attitudes to science 
are superstitious and fearful. Things may be even worse at the elite 
level, he said, where science is encouraged in the abstract, without a 
grasp of the scientific method. Regarding scientific and critical 
thinking, Fang added, Chinese people need a new enlightenment.
Jia Hepeng, editor of the government-backed magazine Science News 
Bi-weekly, agreed. At an elite level, he explained: Science C with 
a capital S C is regarded as a once-and-for-all solution to 
Chinese problems, and as a result it has enjoyed a higher status than 
any other discipline in China. Anything that is scientific is equal to 
good. An important slogan of the current generation of Chinese 
leaders is the so-called scientific view of development, and the 
government periodically leads crackdowns against superstition. But 
these have nothing to do with evidence-based approaches or the 
experimental spirit, he said. Here is the predicament in todays 
China: Mr Science may be good, but independent, critical thinking is 
bad C or as Fang discovered, even life-threatening. This leaves the 
science dissenters C the sceptics who understand science not as an 
ideology, but advocate experimental, evidence-based approaches and 
dare to criticise malpractice C walking a political tightrope.
In his speech to Peking University graduates professor Wang bravely 
ventured that International rankings, such as which country is 
number one, are not important. But its a message that hasnt 
reached Chinas bureaucrats leading the push for achievement in 
science. This publish-or-perish culture has led to unrealistic targets 
at Chinese universities C and as a predictable consequence, rampant 
plagiarism. In January, the peer-reviewed international journal Acta 
Crystallographica Section E announced the retraction of more than 70 
papers by Chinese scientists who had falsified data. Three months later, 
the same publication announced the removal of another 39 articles as 
a result of problems with the data sets or incorrect atom assignments, 
37 of which were entirely produced in Chinese universities. The New 
Jersey-based Centenary College closed its affiliated Chinese business 
school programme in July after a review revealed evidence of 
widespread plagiarism, among other issues, at a level that ordinarily 
would have resulted in students immediate dismissal from the 
college. A government study, cited by Nature, found that about 
one-third of over 6,000 scientists surveyed at six top Chinese 
institutions had practised plagiarism, falsification or fabrication.
But its not only the emphasis on quantity that damages scientific 
quality in China. Publication bias C the tendency to privilege the 
results of studies that show a significant finding, rather than 
inconclusive results C is notoriously pervasive. One systematic 
review of acupuncture studies from 1998, published in Controlled 
Clinical Trials, found that every single clinical trial originating in 
China was positive C in other words, no trial published in China had 
found a treatment to be ineffective. Moreover, a nationalistic and 
defensive approach to discredited methods keeps superstition alive in 
the academies and government.
i once sat through an invited lecture at Beijings prestigious People
s University, delivered by an bespectacled professor in a white lab 
coat, which linked the science of genetic modification to crop circles 
and the teachings of the Vietnamese guru Supreme Master Ching Hai 
(author of The Dogs in My Life and The Birds in My Life). But perhaps 
the most controversial example of government-backed pseudoscience is 
earthquake forecasting C and this is a particular focus for Chinas 
debunkers. (Jia Hepeng, whose magazine is critical of the practice, 
told me of his shock at finding a display about the countrys 
achievements in earthquake forecasting at a museum dedicated to that 
milestone of palaeoanthropological discovery, the Peking Man.)
The practice of earthquake prediction C which can include observation 
of seismicity patterns and electromagnetic fields, but is also usually 
characterised by post-hoc analyses of phenomena like anomalous animal 
behaviour C is largely discredited in scientific circles. One 
commentary in Science, titled Earthquakes Cannot Be Predicted, 
concluded that it seemed unwise to invest heavily in monitoring 
possible [earthquake] precursors. An advisory body to the Japanese 
prime minister C Japan had previously been supportive of earthquake 
prediction research C argued in 1999 that forecasting was not 
realistic and that research should instead focus on developing new 
disaster prevention technologies. But nonetheless the practice remains 
an article of faith for many Chinese scientists and officials, 
particularly since Chinese seismologists have long claimed that they 
successfully predicted the 4 February 1975 earthquake in the 
north-eastern city of Haicheng, and that the subsequent evacuation of 
the city avoided many injuries and deaths.
Caught up in the fervour of the Cultural Revolution, with its emphasis 
on mass participation in science (one popular slogan: the lowliest 
are the smartest and the most elite are the most foolish), the 
Communist Party declared the Haicheng prediction a victory for Maoist 
ideology and mobilised about 100,000 amateur seismologists and 
volunteers to work as earthquake forecasters. One sympathetic account 
from the time describes a volunteer brigade in Shenyang, north-east 
China, which had someone stationed around the clock to listen for 
unnatural rumblings in a speaker wired to a microphone placed in an 
underground tunnel. However, an official Chinese publication 13 years 
after the quake stated that there were 1,328 deaths and 16,980 
injuries from the Haicheng quake (scientists had previously said that 
very few were killed). The main quake was also preceded by an 
intense series of foreshocks for around 24 hours, likely causing many 
people to flee spontaneously.
The practice led to many false alarms, continuing up until the 1990s: 
some 30 inaccurate predictions brought Chinese cities to a standstill 
between 1996 and 1999 (although the Xinjiang Seismological Bureau 
claimed a success in predicting an earthquake in Jiashi county in 1997). 
More memorably, scientists failed to predict the hugely destructive 
Tangshan earthquake in 1976, which resulted in more than 240,000 deaths. 
But rather than dampening the fervour for earthquake prediction, the 
tragedy of the Tangshan quake was instead blamed on the inadequacies 
of Chinas earthquake administration. Officials were singled out for 
having ignored purported natural indicators of disaster: these 
apparently included the migration of yellow weasels and unusually 
large catches of fish. Aftershock, Feng Xiaogangs recent blockbuster 
film about the disaster, opens with a huge swarm of dragonflies, 
presented as a natural omen of the quake. It is clear that such 
speculations distract from the real deficiencies in disaster 
prevention and response. For example, it appears likely C although 
full investigations have been prevented and activists pursuing the case, 
like Tan Zuoren, have been jailed C that many schools in Sichuan 
province were built to extremely low standards and that there were 
many avoidable deaths of children during the May 2008 earthquake.
Whether the issue at hand concerns earthquakes or nutrition or medicine, 
what we witness in todays China is the way in which science C 
upheld since the early 20th century as the cornerstone of Chinese 
development C is repeatedly stymied by ideology, superstition, 
bureaucratic thinking and fear of dissent. This is a frightening 
situation.
As China enters a new phase of economic and geopolitical might C and 
its model of authoritarian capitalism gains an increasing number of 
admirers, from developing-world leaders to op-ed writers in the rich 
world C the countrys attitude towards honest, rational inquiry 
becomes of crucial importance. Chinas approach to critical thinking 
will help define the countrys response to global scientific 
challenges, from pandemics to climate change and the environmental 
crisis. We can only hope that the courageous voices of debunkers like 
Fang Zhouzi and Fang Xuanchang will continue to be heard.
Editor's update - since this piece went to press, Fang Zhouzi has also 
been attacked in Beijing, sustaining minor injuries. More information 
on this on the New Humanist blog.

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ңӦרҹзΪңҵǧ»

20100611ձ

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Ӱ۳ɽƪ928ϵǳʱû뵽
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޳ܣhttp://www.tianya.cn/publicforum/content/no01/1/200621.shtml

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ܵѽǰڸпαѧҪǷֽϳɸԪִ
зֽϳɰתԼȥδάµȣѪ
ʲôϵأҽۣɲѽ

ôһѽ궼б֮ܲһͥڣһ
˵Ҫһ˱տڵĻҲȡһʽ硰ꡱ
ʳֱָڿǰղ㲻Ҫٳˡͻ
ֹ㣬־мáһɢǿ԰
ճӣʶ
ԾȡأԽ統ܵ˴ѹԺ
ôأԡꡱ˱ҽҩѧĿеԭ
δһ֣

ԭѪôءѽꡱһǰᣬ
ȻƳһĽۣΪֺůǸġʶԾȡ
һꡱȻĸࡰɢඡһǰȻƳ
߼Ľۡһ۳߼Ҫǰᣡۡ߼۵
αǲҪģ̫硰ڡ֮ġ񹦴ʦ
Դƭֻ岻ݴǵءһˡ


Ҫһ¹Ŷġǡ⣬ôأأ
һɻͬʱӦ壬Ӧϣ˱ҽҩѧ
Ŀеԭδһ֣

ۣҽ۵ĻˡԴƵھ-
ƪƵԻа˷磬磻ν᪲Ի˷緢аΪ
磬أаνʱ֮ʤߣʤģʤʤģ
ʤʤνʱ֮ʤҲ

ļȼʸӦʽ۹
ҽۻıԭ򣬶е۱ǰ
ļȼʶ޵ȵȣӲ׵ءģΪԲ˵
ʡʽҽϣҩġƾ
֤ҽϵġȻҲඡ

أǡǡ࣬˵߰·ֵʱҪֹಡ
֢ĹЩĿܻѽΪǸеӦ̫ʢ˻
⣡˱ҽҩѧĿеԭδһ֣

ѽֶʦǳõһףȰ㻣
ٺ̿ӵִ꣡ҽѧಡкܶͣҲܶ
йأŴأĤ䣬ѪѹߣļԼȣûһ
롰߰·ݡּйϵֻҪϢʳɲʳ֮
ģƽʳƫʳͳɣ糣ȱأͻʧøͻ
ಡǺܳģʶ˶ûಡͲᵽ߰·Ī
ػϡಡġ


ôأС֢״ʲôأ˵ʱ򣬿ɣ
ʲôԭɵأʵ㣬ԭ˵һ⣬
ҺΪ٣Һʵ϶Ǵģڶ
ҺĻأʵر㣬ܹܹһ󣬼
ͻɣͻǻرͬʱͨϲ
ؾͻ졣˱ҽҩѧĿеԭδ
һ֣

Ժܸεظ㡰ʱ򣬿ɡΪȱˮ
ģˮʱӣҺ͸ѹOKˡڡ
ҺΪ٣Һʵ϶Ǵġ̫ˣҺ
ǡҺ١ڵСֶ֪ĳʶͲ˵ˣĹҪǾ
ѪĹˣάҺƽ͡ԭСǡ롰ˮ֡ա
Ĺܱҽ񣬲ҸϵͳˡԹ
ܡȻءadrenaline;epinephrine Ѫǣʣ
ҿԸ㣬Ӧ״̬µıְܣ롰ԼءһϵҲûУ
ԡǿ̳衱ζػ衱ȵҩ϶䡰ҩá
ˡ

ҽ۶֪ܵ˵ǲߴˣһɺԡ
磺ߣҲߣҲ߹֮ҲΪ顣
֮⾫΢ƪȻԴԵĹڹͣ˵רŸ
顱٣

ٱ磺ߣ֮Ҳɣߣี֮٣νڳɣߣ
֮٣ıǳɣߣ֮٣ϳɣƵھ-ص
ۡ˰ɣ˵ʶ˼άĴְ𣬱顱
һһϷˣ⣬ҽѽ

˵ǧ֮ǰĹ˲׼ȷ֪пԭǿѧ
ִҽѧѾӲʱϿ֪
ĽֻͣܶΪҽʦͽ
˵һˣFool!˵ģ

ͬʱأ໹Ϊأ࣬Ŀ࣬ͷйϵģ
˱ҽҩѧĿеԭδһ֣

סΪʹҡǻ񡱵⣬ⷽ
һѧٴ̹ȷʵȷеĻٴ֢״
ǻճĤãֻҪ߷ӦԲĻ˺
ʳϢעǻλǣעԾЩͬʱЩB
άأʳڲǣάCܿתġ

ͷأãһԷһ˵ô
أ˵˵Ļǵʱֲʱ
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⣬ʵҲһôأʱ
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СˣôأҪ־Ҫ־Ļ
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