                           ˿µϣ20091115գ

09.11.14ûи
09.11.15, ˿200911º
ʫѩʫ
ţФëѩޮƲͷˡǿ⡷
˿¶ʡȡһֻөİ¡Ůˡ
Ǭë󶫶³Ѹڹ͡·Ԥʧʱ
͡¼󡶷š



ԡԡԡ¡ԡԡ˿ԡԡԡ
Σţסԣȣңţģӣ

һڣ
һž´

˿ΪĻۺϿѧʷءѧơ
յȷĿǰĸ̶Ŀţʡۣ˿
¶ʫ衢ɢġС˵Ǭʷܡ֪ʶСƷ
͡͡˻רѡÿʮճ棬ڳ
ר

ҳʰ棺󣮣硡
ڰ棺󣴣磮
ޡλ
Уӣѧ˾壮


ʫ졡ʫ

ѩʫ졡ѩ

Ѷ졡޷Ŀ֪
졡޷Ŷζ
ţ졡ķ紵
졡ڴҹ
ФëѩޮƲͷˡ
ǿ⡡졡Ų˼
졡д͸	
˿¶졡ƺɾ
졡ȵ׷ǧ
ʡ
šȣһֻөİ¡졡
Ůˡ졡Ȼ緢â
졡Щ
Ǭ졡Ǻߵľ	

ë󶫶³Ѹڹ͡
·Ԥʧʱ

͡

¼󣺷š

Ѷסססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

йѧѧŻ(OSAIC)յʦ͡ФϷ仡
֣ܺԴҽԺ׹ͬϰʽ롣
ϸϼ˿˴աФ¼һ

ʦռ֣ԴҽԺܡФϷ仡
ߵϢ20068ĩ20073Ѯ110λͨ绰ϵ
74λ߻߼ҳݵ绰ͳƽʦΪ
Чʸߴ73%²ʸߴ39%ɹΪ
ȫָ޲мӦôʾûһɹ
Ϊ㡣֣ԴҽԺ֣ݴѧоԴ
85%ĳɹʡ֮

ʦΪ֣ԴҽԺʵΪΥ
л񹲺͹淨֮涨յ
ΪΥˡл񹲺͹ͨ򡷵ȷɷع涨ַ˻ߵ
֪ȨȨФܺ߶֣ԴҽԺģ
ͬϡһ漰ܺ40ˣ跨ϡȡ֤ȷʮ
Ԫ

ФܺߴԵײ㣬֧Ϸã
йѧѧŻѧܺר𡱣
һФֻܺع塣ҲΪѧ
Ĳ˺͸о淶¼йҽϵͳеӦһݹס

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ӻԾ

ʽҳ˵

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ܼ˰Ҫע͵ʼַԱʼ˰վݡ
ҳ˵
http://www.osaic.org/?n=OSAIC.%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5

κʣϵadmin@osaic.org

˿www.xysforum.orgΡǽͨ¾㡣

1016йѧԺоԺȪ·Уѧܣ
ѧ淶ı档

ժԡй걨20091112ձɾؽܡ


    ̳￴Ȥӣҳȴʾҵҳ治ڡ
ѹرաϢ޷򿪣ŻվϿȤ
ţȴȫɵҳ档ôѾɾ
ӡ

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ܶ˻߹˾ϢǷΪԼ˽ڻ
϶գǷΪԼĵ绰ַƬȱ϶
ţվרҵɾϢϵĲӰ졣

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ɾİŻվϵšϵĽƵ̳͡
ӡơ20Żϵź̳ϵʧ

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վӰշѣԽ󡢵λԽߵվɾԽѡеŻ
վɾһҪ1ԪеĵطԵվɾ1000Ԫе
̳ɾһҪ3000ԪС̳һԪԪȡ

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Ϣ

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㲻繫أר˾ɾŵɾ˾̽ɺ͵µĵߡ

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ժԡй걨20091022ձ֡һϷ
۳ܡ

    

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ëֽһġwao֣ЩÿǧëǮıӶĻ
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˴Ŷ֪༦ʲôԴӢ HomePageҳ
ʣ2000ұڵć廹УǵѾüˡ
ȫǲˣĻиҳѽֺܶ´ʾǻ
һһţûжԺϵӰ졣 

ժԡй걨20091022ձСѧȡ͵ˡ졷
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ٺͬѧһһϷ񡣴⣬ҪʱעԼġ
ũȫæĸСʱ͹ȥˡ

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Ħׯ԰ϯӪٳڽýɷʱʾĿǰӵԼ3000
ͯû±ȵCEOڽ8͸¶עûΪ3000򣬻Ծ
û800Щ15µΪĿȺƯ
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    סɽϵСѧ꼶ѧСѩСȰһֱ
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˺üֻСĦׯ԰ĳķС硱ĺ
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ݵȣЩʽ׬Ǯ˵ࡣϷ
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ķÿֻҪ10ԪֽΪױҡǿĹЧ
sunruisi1999ϸӵгķĺôкܶĦ
رܶͨĦ򲻵ĶԵõĺ⣬
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ʱúʱЩշĿúӾòԼŬ
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    ý幤ڼʱӲ7Ůޱޱһϰ
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͵˵㡣ֻҪ˲ڣһ꣬ˡũѩ֥
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100409Լ 300ҡУ
17.3Сѱʾϡͯͳƻʾ67ļҳ
ϷļҳԺ콻ѣϹ⵽47
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ԺΣԼȴڼ齫컨׹ȽϣȻǼҳЩ
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ҺŮԼ£һ壬ÿҰ׬Ħչķ˫
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˶Ħׯ԰ʲôȤȵȡҵͨ
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    Ħׯ԰Ŀ̡Ƽ޹˾ý鹫زŮʿ߼
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ѧϰ֪ʶתͽǵĹ֪ʶ˸
ӣһͯĦкΪʲô 1000Ԫи
1100Ԫ,˻нʶ֪ʶ̸˺ӡ

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ԡŮʿ˵ִ£ҪĲӪעͯ
簲ȫϰߵᡢҳѧУҲν̻Ảôȥά
簲ȫúԾʶ

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򼫶ˣǹַݻǹֵƣɺ󡣡 

ţסססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

 ѩޮƲͷ

                               Фë

£磬ȥɻɢһƬأݸɵİס
ǡտȡȻţ类ժȥҲȵԵʣ
ȻһɫӻȻǸոտŵġʢ
֮⣬仹мԱֲŽɫСİ꣬ʮΣҶ
ЩҶΪΣЩҶӵıԵΪ״ǹѶ
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ؼ֮ڡѧʵ䡷ҵһζĽܣѩޮ
Brassica juncea var. crispifoliaʮֻƣУҶý˵һ
֡ҶѣԵͺǿϷ¶Խһ
ԡ̲ˡֲźͼУᵽѩޮ
ˣʮֻƣBrassica juncea (L.) Czern et Coss.ֳƽ顢ˡˡ
桢ˮա桢ͷˡٴ桢桢̽桢Ͻ桢ʯ桢桢
Ҷ桢桢Ͻ桢ũ桢˿桢ֽ桢Ž桢Ųˡѩޮȡ
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Ȼ֮壬ֿɹҲݡƣʳߣ׺ˡѧе
BrassicaǸԭjunceaǵĲ״˼Ҷߣĥ
ϣҩ

վȱдޱݡʮƣ棺ζ£޶
ϣĿݿëζϣʳ

ҪУͱũҵ1982棩桢ܿ޷
ӵڶʮע˵ԭޣҹǰ࣬
ξ顷ֽƪ۷Ծtݿ顢ݼҲκ
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ҩ֮֡Ϻ־СԻũ棬ϸ˿棬
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ֶƴСԻˣҶԻٴԻͷˡϷΪţ
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ݿɫףϽɫ̣ɫ̣Ҳ

ȥ飬йĽˣҶýˣѩޮýˣեˣ
͸ýˣͷˣȣ࣬ζեͻƽĩѩޮ
ѩˡѩ졢ϡ˪ϵȣ񡢽ⶾסθʳĿ
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ޮ֣Լڴˡ

ȥάٿƲ飬й⣬ˡӡڰ˺˶ϲԽˣ
ԣ˵ӢֽIndian mustardӡڰ棩˵Ҷӣ
ʳãʽ˵Ӣֻleaf mustardҶmustard green
˵ѩޮӢΪxuelihongȻѩޮĺƴд
˵եˣӢChinese pickle zha caiеzha cai
Ȼե˵ĺƴдӡڰϲեˣӡڰݲˣIndian 
pickle

եˣȴϲǳȥгĴեˣ
гΣ͡͵ȣΪ̲ˡָҶݵĽˣ
ϲĸ̲ˣгʳã֮Ϊ˸ƣ롶ֲ
ʵͼмصġٴ𡱲١Ļģ
ڴ˹лᷢ졣֮󣬽˸ζͲôˡ
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ܣȴ顣˵ҸԵĻѩޮҶӡ峴
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֮ѩޮեˣǽ˵һ֣ʮֻƣ
ʮֻƵֲкøУΪ벻ǡײˡˡܲ
ͲˡˡȵȣһǺöиζȻ
ȥҳԹ߲˵УʵĻҪͨͨĶԲײˣ˪ζ
ѣνٲ˲ײʡҲɽĳײˣ³Ѹ˵Ľ
ˣҪζöࡣ

ܲͽ˸֮⣬ﶬʱֿԳԵƲ
һ¡˸ȣƲԲִ࣬˿˿ģȿʳ
ֿơƲѧï׫ϱݡڶ
ࡢ򾥸ȣѧΪBrassica caulorapa Pasp.
ͬΪʮֻƣ򾥿ɷΪ̰ס̡ɫ۾ʱʤˡƣ
˪ˣѡ۽桢ܲɰס֮⣬аݿߣ
ѿˣ˶֮Ʒ񡣡ũȫ顷ƣν֮
˼񱱵ƲʳʳҲ

ʮֲֻУһײƵֲ˽Ϊͷˣ
ҲϲԵĶǣ˵Ĵͷˣָľǽˣ
˵ɽ죬ʵɽһΪ˵ʱƫҪ
ȫ˵Ÿɣԭŷ޵ľĲˣBrassica oleracea var. 
capitataӢΪcabbageˡײ˵ȣΪ
ı֣ͷΣҶΪɫ

һҶΪɫĸ¸Brassica oleracea 
var.acephalaӢkaleǳƯ·˶Ļ
Ͻ޷ӦĺȻĶ겢䣩
ǰͻ룬ϳʸ߼¸ʡݸĻ
̳ָܰȫԽǣųƸЦѩ÷˹Ҳ
ɸ֦÷¸ôȥأЩ
¸ϣ궬غգ˰˵ǮҲ֮װ˷
Ҽǵã¸ǻڹĻ̳ʱ򣬱صСϷ׷
߳¸֮裻ȵʬ޴ʱЩСȴֳĬˣ
ԽʶʱΪСɡ

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˴һƱ沢ôʰһǮ͵
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оڿչȾ⻹桶۹Ա۵ڶ
ȡҲѡһƪ³Ѹ½ȥë󶫻ڡԵ˹ɡУ˽͡
ëѡ844-845ҳ³Ѹдô£ѡѡǡ𱱶
־ʡҪŻáǡ³ѸȫкеĲ漰ᡢ
ΡĻ˼е£ɼѡ˵ɷѿġ

ӰӰ̸ϵĽУ³Ѹ
ʫĽͣëѡ878ҳй½ѧĻ̶ȵˣ
ǰⷬ⿴³Ѹġ

ëΪʲôƫƫѡһʫΪ³ѸɢŨ˱塢˵
塢ϢëܽܵġѡʫΪСϲ
ʫһĹסʫ޴ڬ͵Ժܴڽ
ʫʱֵطԣ뿪ߵԭ⡣

ǲضһʫ˽δҷͷһ
ֺܻġε״̬ϰյ׻˵ùˡ

ñչУ©ؾƷ߲Ըˣñ
գñƵģһʵģ˾ƣԼһ˵ȥȰ
Ը˲ͣƫƫһֻ©ëѡԽ
ˡüǧָ׸Ϊţڹ;ܶ
͹ĭ죬ѷȫΪۡÿһĽʦѧʫ
ʱᰴľûбҪȥظ

ҵëڹͽȻͬ ҿһë󶫵ڹ
ʹش³Ѹ

׻˵ǧָ޼աеġ˼˵һȺΪ
еǲкýġ³Ѹ仰ë󶫽ǧ򡱽Ϊˡ
ͽˡˡëһһֱڽˡ󻯡30
ABſʼֱʮ꣬ĸＯɣһٽˡ
󻯣󻯡ϧԼѡУѾʾȫȫ
Ӱ˶ȥӲѸȥȻ
³Ѹ˼롣³Ѹ˵ġǧ򡱣в޳ŵˣеˣ
Ǳ˴ʶвˡң³ѸԼ뷨ɡ
ҶԻǴûиȷеĹ۲ͽۣ³ѸǡΨҶˡ
ʵоڣ˲Ը޳
ѧϰ߹·ȼգǰ;ϡ
ǧͨͨһӴʫеһ䡱ֽʾ˳
ַǳҪԡȻǸж벻ëŵָ
ë󶫵Ľǡһ׼Ʒһ׼ıҵж
Ҫ㣺һȺ¼ڶǱΪһ䡱û
Ⱥ¼Զ˱ΪëһƳġѧߵ
ͬ·

źǡС¥һͳ봺ˣҪ֯
飬ϼľǵȵȡë󶫵˼
ѧˮƽ϶ͿʫǲġһļȺã
Ϊǲġ

ʵ³ëˣԱ˴˼Ĳ죬ָơԣë1957
ϵ̸¶˶³Ѹɱ³30ͶԷѩ˵ʱ
ҪΪҪɱĿҡţⶫͱࡶٶ³Ѹ
˽̸¼35ҳʱճ2003.3棩˫ú͸Ѷ
³ѸΪ³Ѹ˽ǣǴë³ѸӰ
ض³Ѹһһʵΰе³Ѹ


                              Ԥʧʱ

                                   ·

һ

̬ȸıѧһҪ⡣̬ȸıӰһ
ѧ˹͡1919-1989ġ֪ʧ
ۡ(cognitive dissonance theory)

˹͡һ۵Դ1934ӡȷһ𡣵
߷֮ҥʢУ˵иѡΪʲôҥԷ
أӡѧҽɡоΪҥԲ
ӿ־壬Ϊ־绤ġ޷ԼûȴҲ־壬
Ϊ˸ԼĿ־ҸɣԲҥԡһλѧҴɡ
ڵҥԽоЩҥԶǱϲǣԤڻ
ˮԴȡΪǵĿ־ѾˣɡĹ
֪ʧļ衣

һżȻĻᣬ˹͡һƪ˵ĳصһа֯
ͽϵ۵ּ⣺19551225գһˮݻ磬
˻ŷɵǣǴȫĵطа֯
˵UFOĩսɣ˵һС׷ߡڽС壬
ˡɵ֮ĶǴڵġ˹͡ѧ
ǱЩͽй۲ǵΪ֣һ쵽ʱ
粢ûлһЩᶨơشۣ˹Ҳȣ
ͽûиıϵ۵ӼᶨϣΪΪû
ԭƻΪǵӭ̬ȸжϵۡ

1956꣬˹͡˺ˡԤʧʱ֪ʧ
ۡΪ쵼ߵԤʧܺԤʹͽǲ֪ʧ
Ϊĳ˾޴Ŭ͡ǲʵġìܡ
ΪǰжѾ޷ջأΪ˻ʧУͽֻΪԼ
⣬µԤԡϵ۱жı˼ƻ

˹͡ΪҪʹǽһٵԤԣмȣԤҪ
ԭΣҪԤ߾ԤԵػ˾
̶ԽߣΪԽ࣬ԽԤԵʵԣҪά
֧֣ڲԱ໥֧֣໥ǿ޷֤ʵ
νġԤѧ



1957꣬˹͡ˡ֪ʧۡϵͳ֪ʧ
衣˵֪ԪأǸԻ˼ΪĿ
֪ʶ̬ȡЩ֪Ԫ֮Ĺϵ3֣Эʧء
̡͡Ҿص֪ϲ򡱺͡Ҿ
Э֪Ҵ̡͡кʧ
֪

˹͡ΪΪĵƽͣҪһ֪ϵһԡ֪ʧ
ĲźͲ顣ϵĲʽƶȥŬ
ʧﵽЭһµĿģǻرܿʧ龳Ϣ
Ƿ˹͡衣

һ֪кȴֵƲסջˣȡһЩ
֪ʧ޷ƽġ˹͡Ϊİ취
֣ıΪ̣ı̬ȣϲ̣Ҳ
֪Ԫأ̿񡱣ȵȡǺܲ׵ġһ˽
ʧˣȥٲЭأʮ֮˾ţͼڡ̵
֢֪¡

˹͡Ϊ֪ʧǿģʧ֪ԽࡢԽҪ
ʧ̶ȾԽ



֪ʧоʷһʵ1959չΪ˼Լۣ
˹͡ղķ˹ʷ˹һɵʵ顪Ϊ
ֺʵ顱ֽСӡʵ顣ʵһЩ˹̹ѧı
ʵֳ飬ÿ20ˣǱҪһЩĵĻ˵ǰһЩ
װһӣȻһóȻַŽȥһֱظСʱ
ȻתǷְϵ48ľÿ˳ʱת90ȣת90ȡ
˰Сʱ

Ϊ˱ʾӰʵʵгƭо߸
ÿԣʵĿ뿴һ˶ĳµԤڣǷӰ쵽ɴ
µЧʡ˵ڡԤ顱Իᱻ֪˵ 
ȤҵǣȥһԵʲܹ
о߱ʾԸ⸶һı꣬ñԳæǸñԶһ 
ԡʵоߵͬղŲμӵĻǺȤġ

о߸Բͬı꣺һÿ1Ԫһÿ20Ԫ
һǶ顪ûѡоһʾд
ԼԻȤ̶ȵۣ֣ʵ۸ڶ飨-0.45
1Ԫ20Ԫ顪ֱΪ+0.35 -0.05
õ1ԪĴѧΪȤģõ20ԪĴѧȻΪ
ǿĵġõ1ԪıԵ̬ȸı

Ϊʲôأ˹͡Ϳʷ˹ڵġ̬ѧڿ
Ϸƪġӵ֪ΪһĵĻ
ȴѳƻȤġõ20Ԫıкܺõ
ԼΪõ1ԪıȴҲɡΪ1Ԫѣ
˵ȥġΪ˻ĵʧУԸıԼ֪ȷʵǺ
Ȥģûѡ

Ƿ˹֪͡ʧ۵һҪԤ⡪̬Ϊ
(attitude-discrepant behavior)ֽС̬ȲһµΪһ
Լ̬ȲһµΪʲôأгô
ͼΣͲ鵽̫֪ʧ̬ȸıС
֮ɲ㣬ͻ鵽ϴ֪ʧӶ̬ȸıϴ

Ȼ˹͡ʵֽӡʵΪ
ӲǱȵģѡģֻܳΪյӡ˵ĳ
ջȥȥ˵ĳͬԼ۵ìܵ£һָıԼԭ
۵ԱڴﵽԼеһ¡Ϊѹ
ԽС̬ȸıĿԽѹԽ̬ȸıĿԽС
Ȼ֤ʵˡѡɡ֪ʧһ

һʵҵۡ˵˹͡Ԥϵ¹۵㽫ս
ۣܻܵЩ۵֧ߵΪ˷Щ˹
͡ʵ鱻ѵƬν¼֪˸Ե
ͳƽʾ鱻ѵݻ˵治졣ˣʵ
ΨһʣµĽ;֪ʧ

ģ

֪ʧ۸ǣɻĶΪԼ
Ϊҵɣұ⡢˵(self-persuasion)

1973꣬ҽԼɪ¶Ӷ۲һпͷ˶
ֲ缫ĲΡңش̼缫ʱξͻתͷβ֪
ңصĽǸתͷˡĽͣЬ
һвסȵȡ

֪ʧ۵һԤǡɡinsufficient justification
ЧӦٵܹЧ˵ǣСĳܹ
ȤָȤǣСĳͷܹЧΪ
ǣⲿ̼֤Ϊĺԣǻͨڲ
֤ԼΪĺԼʧ

˹͡ʱо㱨ꡱ(insufficient reward)
һУ֣㱨㱨ܵ¸Թļϲ
Ϊĸоøϲ

˹͡ðʵ顣ðֻܶٵıûбꡣ
ֻ֣ҪıԼΪƺֳѴ
ϲϲֳΪܶĸӶ

˹͡񻹷֣Ϊһֲ㱨Ϻ֪ʧ϶
ľߡνߺʧ(post-decision dissonance)֮
ѡ˾ͻ͡

ڡ㱨ЧУ˹͡д㱨ȷᵼ¶Թ
ƫڰϿԹ۲쵽ƫƺΪº͵
ԣǵٱӱĳƫЧӦĳ̶Խ
򡣡

1962꣬˹͡˹ʵɹдɡֹǿ
ѧһ顣Уһ¸õ
ϢڻļȻʱһֶ
ƫԱΪԼһṩӵɡ

壩

֪ʧ˳ɰǧʵоֳоͼ
ۡ1999һͳƱ2000оǽڴ۵Ļϵġ
Що֤ʵѧһҪķ֣ΪԸı̬ȡ

ɪƶһʵ֤ʵˡ˵˾ͻšǴʵһѧ
֮ڱУŦľѧҰΪƶҪЩž
ΪǺܻѧдһƪΪ绤£д֮ǰѧȵ
꣺ֱΪ10Ԫ5Ԫ1Ԫ50֡дٲǶԾΪ
̬ȣּ򵥵ԣԽ٣̬ȸıԽ

ֵɭ׶˹꼶ѧʵ飬֤ʵˡ˾ͻϿɡȲ
Ƕ׵̬ȣȻǲμһʤн׾Ͳܻʤľ
ԡһЩѧˣһЩûСڶٴβǶ׵̬ȣ
׵ѧ׵̬ȱݣû׵ѧǡ෴

1956꣬ܿˡķһ򵥶Ȥʵ飬֤ʵһˡѡ
ͻ͡һЩŮѧ8ͬƷǰԼϲó̶
ųȼΪ8Ʒó2ѡһӺ
ٴ򣬷ÿ˶ԼѡƷĵȼǸ
ûѡƷĵȼ1968λооЩͽѾע
Աδע˸ΪԼӮһ˵ľʱ
϶Լľȷġ  

1959꣬ѧҡǴѧѧڰءɭ
׶˹֤ʵˡ˾ͻϲоԸĳŮѧ
һһ鱻ҪʶһЩĴһֻҪʶ
һЩº͵ĴһûоκγȻһ﷦
ζۻᲢ֣ۡЩΪۻ
﷦ζ˷ʱģϸ顱ıΪȤĺмֵ
ġ޵¡յº͸޸ɭһʵҲõƵĽֻ
ñԸŬǸʶǾܵɭ˵
һΪʵĳĿ꾭һѻʹ飬Ŀø
˻ΪԼŬ⡣

аͲпΪо֤ʵˡ˺˾ͻᡱǻΪԼĲп
Ϊ⡣ǲ˺ЩǲϲˣͬʱҲϲЩ˺
ˡ֪ʧᵼ¹ȥܺߡпΪʴΪߵġ
оܺ߻ȡͲȥܺߡ

1963꣬ɭڹѧ׶԰һʵ飬֤ʵ΢ĳͷ
ĳͷЧı̬ͯȡΪ΢ĳͷ֮£ͯΪĸ
Եáɲ㡱˷֪ʧӶԼĵ̬ȡɭ
1965һʵ֤ЧԳ֮á

1966꣬˹ء֤ʵˡſЧӦ
(foot-in-the-door effectֽСôߡЧӦȰһЩԼ
ǰһѿдšСļʻӣֻ17%հ졣
һȫʻԸǩǺ׵¡˶
ˡܺЩӣɹߵ55%֪͡ʧʲ
ôϵأо߽˵˵ΪøĲһ
һˡȵȣΪ˱ǰһ޷ܾҪ

ɭԷ˹֪͡ʧ۽ܵв
£ʧǿġһʵУɭñ¼һ޳ʹôĽ
¼ͬʱٵıꡪշ˹ۣ͡ЩԶԴ̬
Ӧнϴĸı䣬ʵ֤¼ҪŸԴ̬Ȳȷ
Ĺڿʱ̬ȷ˽ϴı䣻Ե֪¼ҪŸᶨط
ʹôĹڿʱǵֻ̬нСĸı䡣ɭΪ
ĻԻ˺ʱŻϴ֪ʧ

1979һоΪԤǲ֪ʧһ
1974һо֣ԺθСһҪأ
ԼӦԺЩǷԤ֪ᷢʧ
1989ѧΪԺθСˡ̬Ϊ
ΪԼֱԺ۸ΪǷǡ̬
Ϊ嶼֪ʧ1992һоɱĳŵ
֪ʧоΪ֪ʧˮƽйء

֪ʧӰ˵Ͷķһϵеʵ飬Ը
ܼ͸ɿʵıԣԼʵӦСˡҲⲿ
ԼΪʲôҪЩʹ֪࣬ʧɹǵԼôʹ
ࡣ˹̹ʵѧҡѧ߷
աͶһʵñԾָܵ߶ʧıԶʹ
ӦСˡ

1984꣬λѧ߿ͷȰܽ˸֪ʧ
̬ȸıؾĸ裺̬Ϊ뵼ø岻
еΣ(physiological arousal)֪ʧ
زٵĳɷ֣ʶѺΪϵ



֪ʧֱսΪǿۡǿΪ˵̬
ͷģ˸ϲ͵ֺʵ顱ȴ
ó෴Ľٵĳͷ˸ϲǿɡѧ
ɭʵڷ⣬1965һƶ
ʵƵʵ飬ó˹͡෴Ľ̬ȵĸı뱨Ķٳ
ȡ

ʵһ˻ҡѧߴ¡ֵµ˷֣ʵ
һЩϸ΢Ĳ𣺿ƶʵһʼ͸߱ԣԸԲд
ɭʵı֮ͬǰ֪Ҫʲôֱʼʱ֪Ҫдһ
ƪԼ෴£Ѿ޷ˡǡΡģԲ
֪ʧЧ

ֵºͬǡ1967һʵ飬ʵ
ϵͳظı䱻Եѡɣ֤ʵˡѡɡǲ֪ʧıҪ

֪ʧ۵ս1972ѧҴķġ֪
ۡ(self-perception theory)Ϊ˻۲һ۲
ԼΪͨԼΪĸ֪Լ̬ȡ磬ԡʵ
顱ĽͣΪʲôֻõ1ԪġҡȥЩĵĻ
أԭϲͨ۲ԼΪȷԼ̬ȣ
ķ֮ΪҲοжϡĹ̡

һС£һ˵סһȺƤĺɧţ
ش󺰴УŽֹһ˸ߺǣϲǵ
ǼغУҿԸ25֡غţ
Ҳ˳ŵһ˽˵׾ֻܸ10֣Ǹе
˰ѡнˮΪ㣬ǴӴҲûȥŹˡ

µԢǣӵɻȡ˵ڲΪΪĶ
ʹΪڿתءǡЧӦ(overjustification effect)
еѧΪ֪ʧ۵һԤ⡣ʵϣѧձ֪ʧ
ۿǹЧӦĽͣѧҴά˹Ϊ
ЧӦ֪۵һۣΪ֪ʧ۲ܽΪ
ȥԼϲ²Ӧ߶ȵĽŸС

ѧҰ»һʵ飬֤ʵ˹ЧӦôѧ
һЩȤ⡣ʵĵһ׶ΣбԶûнڶ
Σʵѧÿһ͵1ԪѧȻûн
׶Ϣʱ䣬ѧʲô֣޽Ƚ黨˸
Ϣʱڽ⡣ѧнĽ׶ʮŬؽ⣬ûн
ϢʱֳȤ˥ˣ޽ѧȤӡ
Ϊⲿѧıϲ

1979꣬ˡʹάѧǰĶͯʵ飬ƵĽ
ǡȰաʵĶͯһߣǴӦԺȥһ
ȤϷҲöĶͯߣδϷ顣ߺ
еĶͯȥ桰ȤϷע⣬ֻʵĶͯΪ
ߵһֽܺЩͯߣʵ
ͯߵȤСڶĶͯԶͯ߼Խʹǰ
Ϸ˹

֪۱֪ʧ۸򵥣ƺͬԽͺܽ͵
нУ֪ʧƱȡˡա¿ķ굶ԭ
һõۡΪ۵ڣ˱Թи
ϢΪж֮ǰ˽Լ̬ȣԹȴȲ˽⵱˵
̬ȡķ˵ʵͨǲ˽Լ̬ȣֻͨΪ龳
ƶϡоԹ˽⵱˵̬ʱķĽûб
ظͬʱ֪ʧۣʧ߾ĵĲ״̬ձ
ķۣ򲻴״̬оǰ߸ʵΡ

֪ʧҲܡܽеĽѧΪ
۶ȷģ÷Χͬ˵̬ȷʱ֪ʧ
ãԽ̬ȵĸı䣻˵̬Ȳȷδȫγɣʱ
֪۸ãԺܺõؽ̬ȵγɡ֪ʧ۱
Ϊ̬ȸıӰǵ֮ģѧ¡
˵ģκ۶ʧסѧҵ
Ȥо 


͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

                               
			     
                               ¼



ˮţֲеʯšֻһţΣ
ʱȡţ˿սʱձӷɻըըһŶգ˶š
սʤڷűţΪšǣ˫ͳΪšȻ
ذհ˫ܳΪţֱзźš˫ſȥ
ͣдСŻٳ˽롱ǣͷ˶һŴмεľ
դűС˻СٲһϷޣ粢磬
ľ²ɣųףиˮ
űڳ٣ֱһһĿ϶
һˮӳԡ

1983꣬ˡˮѡڷţ
ѡִ˵Сߴķ棬ɫʡִ˵ⶼ
Ů˽йءֳΪŮమƶơһ
ЩǵعŽī;㷹֦֮ҶġȻ
УЩ͵˶Դ˸ŲɡСʱĸº봲
ߡ

죬Ҫ˵һ£Ǳƪеλ˹ֱҽ
ġϲһдС˵ҵҵమãŶ߶йط
ܻ¡ҵʽˮؾóϢɹɳر
ԼߣϲҵС˵мʵԡС˵ıĿǣ
һЩͼӴ׵ĳɷ֣Ҫһ£ǳεҪȻ
ڹµٳ̶ȣжȨڶߵ㡣

ڣ˳ҵߣŽµңһСߵķ˹
԰㿴ˮӳ˫ŵӵĵӰǷš

¿ʼˣʮµķޣŸԵĺӣ˵˵ЦЦ
ꡣ˵Էڷǵڶˡ
ǵõһڶǰĴĩӻͯǵԷ
һҪʵҪ֤ߣУǶԴеСķ޽
ΪС塣ɷг²ֶӣǰƺġʵС
꣬˵ĳֵһ޼䡣

ˣе㳶Զˡ˵˵°ɣǰԷ޵
Ŀġһ죬ŵĵŶͻȻˡ


˵

ҵĻ˵ҵֻϹ֪ 
ҲںЩΪ˰£ӶҴҳһݺз
Ǯ̧ˡ

ÿæʱ߰λˣֻºõõĶʱ
һֹ֯õë£õҸõõǷݱꡣݱ۵ģ
νС˺ӡȻҾÿ⣬ӦõģҲ
ϷҶ԰Ҷ˺øСҲòֿ
õ⣬ȫ⣬ܴԭЩΪе
ɲܹҡĿ˸Ǯеίֵӣ
ȰοһСһܴҪǵĹĿһȥ
ͷˣ⣬Щƺе㲻ͬ

ҲйʧܣʧܹԼν𼺣ϲк
ĿˡµУЩ˻ò˳ʼ֣ܾչ鲻
һƷҲлϢŮˡͷһʱˣ
˵ˣ顣ЦЦ˵ɡǷϻҲý͡»Խ
ԽڡҸ˵Լ֤˵û
Ҫʱ֡ʹûܼصߵĵһˣȻͷչ
ЩҪʱ䣬һԽûԽ

ͷһֻǵζܴ󣬲Ӭ˶ȻζĲ
ֹһ

졣ط˴ȥʱˮض࣬˹÷졣
໵ҵ⣬ϲʱƯһźƣСϿգ
ˣѹһ廨Ƶбꡣ

԰ûˣǷƵģҲɡܱȥ
ʱһ¡Ҳ벻ңһƤĴųסˡܿ죬
жϳ˶ȤǸСֶ÷šҼװǰĳ
С̳ڡСһС֣
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û뵽Ȼˣô鷳


˵

ϣŨŻ쳣ȣ ǰһб
֮ˡ

ͻȻ԰¶賡ͣˣطһ
űߵһʱôؽޣ˷ͺͺ֦ʧѪࡣ
Щɢֻλڼ֣ͷϸɲӣ߱߱
¹ʹڴ£񱻶˵ӡԼһСʱ˵˷
ű߸ɢˡЩӡסˣ±ˡ

ֹҵȻҲԸԼһӣγԸһȹ
ůůıƿԼһ˰ɣ߽磬Ǳߵʮ
λͬ׺ݺݵĿ⣬ֵĻˮһ
ӰѼҾݲձϿصƿƵı

źӰһ·ҡڵͷΧסͷ˦һĹȣ
ȺĸȺͻΧ߽ԶٳԶࡣ

ȵһűߣλ˽ͷƺӭͷ׷񱻷紵б˵һ
ϲݡÿص԰ʹηҲߣе
һתʷȥصġˡƵ
ڼӿ죬ҿҵһλ͡

Һ棬ø֫Ѽסһȣַǽһһ


ҵķţҽ˰ֻ֣־еҼͷ
ʹҵסΪⵥ⣬ҲǵһʿҲǽһʡͷ
ʮˣڲ౵ģʵһ̸˵ʯĥ

Ҫһˮһɫҩ裬Ȼ˴ϣһ
ۣ˫ȴһ̲еϸȥһͷûˮţڲݵ
򶯣ӱдһɹˮƵϢϢһ
Ҳ棬ϼĴɼ

֪Ҫһʱ䣬Żһһضʧ˵
һѿԿסҸʱ䣬λ˽ÿζ໨ǮҲʱ䣬˵
ȱǮȱٿꡣ޺ҲС
˴Կףϴڿ㣬ȵʱһɷŹˣ
һ˿˻Ҳϣһšͷһ
ʱһ˫ƳˣͳһͶʺһԿףתһ
ǿҽʦѲŤĲӰˡ˵һŵˡ
ǡ˻˵С͵ʱı¶һɵ
⾢ûҩǰȫ

ҿҪ˯ʱҸеţˡҪΪ
ҲΪԼʽʱ䡣ͷ˿ˣҪ˵ӣɨ
ɨأʰʰ꣬ȻڴкθڡҺܺЩˣر
ǳҩˣﳣЩͷһͷڰĦϡ
˽ͷ˵ûµģֻһţ˵ͷ̫̰ˡ֪Ե
ΰ磬˵Ǯܹ󣬿ӲںǮҰµԱУв
ͷҿǲС˽ͷֿģ˵ֻһֻһŮ˯
ţҲȥˣɶˣΪ˻һζ
Ǯܻ㡣һº˽ͷ˵ҪлңŪ
ҲЦ˽ţֿˮʧͺͷƺصװϷ
һλŮҾģ˵Ůй»ɰȫ͹ңŮ
ǾܲҲߵл˶СŮӵ̧˽ͷӶƵģ
˵ҪĹ͸˭أ·ɳĮ漣س
һޣһֻ;ԶԶؼˣҡ
µġմ˵иո˳۲ݵĺʱ
ۣ˽ͷЦֻûӲһ

ң˼ҴݲȣǾ˷¡λ˽Ҳһ
ƺشһԿףÿ۶ҪϸΡķԸ
ҪӸֽǶĥԿףôһҪʮ㡣Ҫã
Ҫģ˫һգʲôΪһûΪǰɰѿһ
ùඡ߸ɻ˵ѾŰӦš
ţûУҲںֻ뵽ǮҼĸı䣬תλ
϶ȥͷӣһ߸ʬǻΪһ̣ŵ
ͷζ

еƤеͶЭ֮У
һλͻһڷ룬Ҫÿвͬķ룬ΪЩ벻
͸ʢģοһ˽ǵйŶֵĴɻ롣
ס

׮ܺʱ䣬ð㼱꣬Һĵţʾ
ͶӣáߺߡĹȣɹȳϵĻ
񣬵Ҫ̫˻ÿҵӣ𵽸ã
ͬʱζҵ֫岿λҡľôһɫ
ʣͷĶĿĻУܵ籩
ܵ

һ꣬Կ״ĥˡԿ׵ֵʮ
ԿףлáԹԵضึʮԪǮǺǵЦ
һšͷ˵˰ɡ

ͷ˵ҲǷˣҲǷңʮԪڴһͭԿ׵Ǯ
Ҵһ£Ϲ

Цɴ黨´ҵٻˣңѣ

һߣҾͰѱѵ׳죬ѺɫĴͷƹˣչơ
һƬ׻˪¶ؽͷ
ḯɡ

۵˵һͷţղűũűӣ˺üĶءҺ£
Ժ

һ˾񣬵е㷢գǱ紵ģСӵָ
ʮˡߵӲôζˣڼҴ̨һ辰
˪¶Խˣ˪һӴڡ

һصߣᱻӣȥһɸζһ±ףţ
Ƿζʱиʹֻ˵⣬һڻˣ˵
ʹǿֵģ˵ٸû˵ˣˣ
ֹô˵˵أҾһѽֻˡ

ͻȻԼÿܽһתţΪǮתҲΪ
Ȣ׶תϵܻ֪ƣ룬Ϳ๦ߣҵ˼
תɡ

˲ؼҵĳ嶯һ˯ԣҰؼңޣۣ
а


˵

˵ڴСҹ࣬ǻ˵ģ ͷӲˡ
˴죬ӵ⣬˵гԳ˵ģϺ
룬ҲˡлҲࡣֲɵ
첻ؼ˯ġ

£ͷˣ˹ˡҲû
ɶͷ˼ǮŶŮ˼ҳ£ֻҪ뵽ͷ
ƱӴ˼װϹɶû뵽ǹ
ⲡҪĲǲ紫ˣûڽ
û¡

ɶ飬ǻ˵ģãΪϺƤ͵ϲĸ
ˣ˵ʱϣﳤ¶飬û뵽⻨ó
ˣˣ٣飬ƬƵġ

컻ѣĨģԶˡǴǮܾ
ڡͷ˵Ǵ򹤵±ƲҪװҪװ
򹤵İɶסҾͲˣûйСһ̯
ӵ¶һ쵽Կʹѧʱѧˣæʺ
ͷ

ɶͷзǮ絽ˮ򹤣ס
ͣ¼Ӷ˻飬һͿˡãӿ׼
鸻͵ıأ˼С棬ضڳϲǹҵ
еܵشСӣһܾǧ
ٵģȴǿ㣬Ҳÿϰɫɡ˵˵ǮҲóȥѰ
ѰģҲзڰɣǸˣﲻߣ
ܵҸŮˡŷˮˣǮֳȥˡҲԿǣ
Сѧą̃û뵽Щѧճ˲ЪҵȻ
ŵó£׬˻Ǯģһ̨һ
ûˣ׬˱ǮͲʴˣ£

ˣ룬ºˣòҰʳˡܿ˳ۣ
أҳӵˣ˵Ǻ޶Щѧ޵ں
Լҵޡ˵ЩԼҵޣģͰ
ˣȰЩѧ޲ҪˣӲ㴷
ұ»ܵˣॸˣҵѽӺ죬
ǲҡиѧ޷ѧ浽Ҳؼңҳ
Ȱ޶һͨһٳשͷһӡûңͷء
ӳ嵽ݽһͷҿˡºˣ
ҳˣˣͷҪԿǵ˹Ұɣ
һ˰ˡ˵ҪˡͷҪ£ȴƫˡզ
ӡඣյģͷԼҽŰϣʹඡҪ˵Ҫ
ãһ᲻ã뵱ûңҪף
绻Ӳûо͹Ҽˣ˵뷨ӣ
ǷģѪծҪѪ

ң˵ܳԿǮԿǻ磬ã
»ǰ첻ɣ¿»

ȵ޶ˣˡһΪֵӲ졣
ڻӸһˣ˵Ѫ˸ӵģǻͬ磬˵
ӻأӣ׬Ǯɵ

ɵôһ˵˵ɵҲź޶ҷݻ
ɣַɵΪȢ£߶߶ģƪƵģ
Ǽծ޲

ǷͿ㿴ɵ²˵˲ⲡҪ
Ӵ


˵

ۿľɵǺҩѳԺǡ

³1600ԪʽңΣ´ˡ

ÿ깤һ㣬ôҲǲۣʱʮƽ
׵ƷûʮԪ˵

ǲ׬ôɵɳϣ˹Ȧ

˵ǼұһĲֵֻƷӻֵСǮ

˵ڳͶϣսĿ⡣

ͱˣûĿ⣬ƱˮֻϹƱö
ͷˮˡ

ƱˮʱģҪס躹Сɴ
ֻϹƱûָˣһӷİשͷ
־

˵ʲô

й

ûûûѪĻҷϻͲȱȣҵС
ǣļҵûз츲صı仯Ҽнγһһ
ġǹˣʮһգг
ֻ˼С氡ӹùùģѡ


ô

ҲˣҶԵүүүүˡ

ǰҲβ𣿻ҪôҶǲ
𡣡ĿһͷɳԸҵһ
С

˿ҸýͣǶģЩڹ
Ϸ˶賣˵Ů˵㣬ûɶͣ
ŮӻһӾôɣúܿģⲻҸֽ
ʮˡǰ֪ưͳԻп˵ۡ

ĿҲܿ˺ӣҿɲܲܺҲ˷ǽ
ࣿ˽ͺӣҲڼصץøŮΡð
Ҳõİɣ˵īˮŸƨĹͲסˣ˵
ǰѹʯĳһ񡣻ͦ
дʵģҳ

ƲŮܲ˵˵ԼϰˣɢɢڵڣԪ
ɹһˡ˵㵹£˼Ҷŷ
ˣǼһˮȵĵ֮С

Ƥһ˿ѪЦֵ˵˸л˱ˣ
ԼĶֻԼ֪˵ǼĶҪˣӻ
ӣ

⻰ָҳ˳зġ

æ˵Ҳһݹࡣ

˻˵Ҹ룬ֻһƤƤ
Ůһֽ΢һⶫˡ룬Ҳ֪
ԣÿҪ󣬶ҲԸʱֻơ֪
˵Ǻģȷʵⷽչˣ˵ʵ
ûȤνţˮǿͷΪҲž
Ƥûơ

ÿ£ǰסʱͦģ֪ǲװġһΣ
׼ŽӺʱؼˡϴһ£ȻҲʱ
סң˵Żοˣñȿڸ˺±ԽԽȣŮ
¶

ǻ˵ҵԼ˷ģҵնǵųɲ£˵
һɵģǲķġ

ñԵĻ첻ˮͻȻͽˮ⻨ܵˡͦ
дʵġ

һٳԼûˣҡֻԽͷŽ
ûˣʱһɫɷס

룬Ĳˣʡҵ鷳ʮͷ
ôû˰ɣҿһǣ˵һλΰʮӡ˸֮
вġ

мͷβļȹࡣ᲻Ƕ
·ÿףϽһʽ𣬳սһǵλ
ԪǧԪǮϹʱǲ鲻©ġ᲻˽
С⣬ⷽĿҲ⣬ҳ·Ҳã
ҲҲģ۲ΪֻҪʹвҲң
ȥɣ

ҿ˵Ӿ硶ض°ҹˣҼŽš˼
һ˺ȾƣʱŻءҪƽ
ܵиȥ

ȥ롣Ҳû顣

뵽ʱˡ

˵

˽ˡ˪¶úܴߵһƬʪġ

ôˣһ뵽ǣҪˡ

ֻ֮󣬰ˣҪ ȵҪ
ָоΥˣǸӺϺҲѵмأûˡӣ
ʦøѧһҵڶһǹֹ
ġ

˽ͷ˵һȥһ˵ĵطΣȱһ
ɡ

ǣذңûкȾƣܻǱԭ
һչ˳ܳʮ׾͵˶ӣܲˣ
Ҫһҵתһܡܲڵϣصߡ
ЩʵпԡŸûûʲôⲡ
㣬һҩһ£׻ûζϲȻ벻ҽ
ˡ

ЦˣΪԼΪ˽ҽұֻⷽͬ࣬
ҵӡԽԽáŮƵģװǻõ
֪㲡Ķ

ϴһŸ˵Ķ˵ܲұӵͣܲ
¶ȣʼ˵ֻܲصºܿ


òˣһͷһͬܡֻͬʱ
ĺХչȵ

ϵĺ

˵ҵĲˣĹͣ

һƳ̸տʼ㲡еأһҲ֪˵
òˡ

ҹõˣû뿪ңҵĲٸĲлл㣡
öˣûȥˡҪůůı

ס˵һҹ𣿡

Բģվöãⲡպ󻹵ÿΣ
ǡҺܿģԼĲ˵ôءҸղϾ㲻
򡣡

ҲǸˣ͵һȪԡЦɿ֣
ҡ

ҲؼҰɣһ߰ɣֹ˿ġ

Һ粢ߣҵ֣صСӵ
԰Ļľߣ׵С

ͻȻˣ˵һӵһһɵĹУ
̸˵

Ļ˵Ҳ˵꣬ȫ£иӸŮ˵д
ҰʳԣȴˣԳ£λóŪҪŴǮ
բӹؾˣһ򿪣ʹʳȵ¡
ôһˣֵôۡ

û࣬ҡðɣ࣬˶ˣԶࡣ
˵˵ţ˯ˡ

ʱͬʱȫǱ˪ͷһ˪
ͷκģصģҵ𣬿վˣȫȣ
̽ԵĶͷյø̿һ


˵

£ҷˡΪӡɵյġ

ˮҹ£죬˵ڴϰ࣬ҹ
ȥˣѹûԱ˵ûһõġ

˷˹԰Ǳߵʮֻݼǰ
ΪҿĵģҿûҶûȤ

и弦˵űи¼Ĵõòˣֻ
õļ͡һЦ

⵹ңһϳ˷ţȻվ
賡棬пŴŤŤȥһ˿
һǰһսСֹСֱ˽š

һתߣסһֻݼ͸ݣһӽȹ
£ɵЦ˵ô磡ҲĻͷˣӣ
Ҫ㡣ǳƽˡ

صҷ䵹ҳһۣǮֻʣٶԪֿһ
Ӵֻ࣬żҼҵģȫ
ġ˼ȫ̫ܵƽȥˡ

ڱ˵ף̫߳
ˣɾƵġ

ҺٺٵЦˣҵ

ɣ˯ۻˣ

ðɣã㹤࣡ʹģ


˵

Ůѧķſšûڴϡ

ϲ˵ְ档

ƭŮ˯Ѽˡ

ϲʣû绰

˵ˡŮûûˣ սҲŮ
˯ĶҲġ˵ҹңֲǴ
Ρͷһء

һؼҸϴѹ˳ҽӵλ칫ҵͬµ绰
˵ȥˣֳȿдı档ֻ˵ˣ
ȥˣ

Ůǰصĵ绰㡪С壬ģʶȷʵ
Ȼ˵ǰŶֻ֪ۣ˵ˡΪ
Сǰ仰еɺһ仰ҽǰãҸ
һθ˵ӣۿŮҪСѧˣӵ
úܸߡ˵Һ޲ýԼϵѪ⣬ҵѪ
üǮȫˡ˵ֲĻŮ˵㶼ˣ
˵ԼˣʣǣֲŮ
ʲô

˯ˣǰûϣ绰ˡ
ʮֽ˵Ҫ

һǴ𲻳صƺеˡòһӰѪˣ
˵ӣˡƤЦģ˵
ôŮ˼Ҳɡҳ
ˣҳ˲˵һʲô˼
Ҳò

᲻ᰢԾ֮·Ʈȥأ


˵

ˣҲˣ¿֮£ȫˮ

Ҹպ췢̵塣ȫ û
տʼʱȣƿӣ֮䣬ϱӡ
˯ֻеɫһһ˺ȵ㿪ˮʲôҲԲ£
뷽ҲûгԵһ룬һ

ʣõ𣿡

أʡ

ӡͬʱ

ҪˣҲʹ졣˵

ҲһһͻծҸȢϱծ

ծ֣

ҴӦҸȢϱҪá

ԺӣɲСˡ˵Цˡ

һˣҲźˡծòˣҸ
綨˳ˣ졣Ըһˡ᲻öӣ
С

¹ȫһЦЦƺĵܶ˵
òһ밮Ƭ

°硣

ͦġҵˣܻƺܴ̼ҪϴСְ
ͷˣСдС˵Ҫ³ѸҪŵѧˡ
˼ЦʲôʱˡƴӴֻ죬
˼˵á

ǲúѿֵǷꡣ

˵˵ģģġ

ȫֻӿ⡣

ŲԿ׵ţŽӣ˽ͷ
˿˿ڴϵͷ˻ͶʺһԿף˵
˵ſѣȫˡͷ˳ˣص
콥Զȥ

ְɣӣҸҪˡ˵

Ĳ㡣ƣҿ׽Сӥצ

˵ܿ࣬Ҳࡣŵûţһ
ţҸǧ˵ţҵĴ

ҵɶ

ţǮȱǮһţøҸ
š

˵ˣȫáʲںöˣ࣬
ҼҼǮͳ˻㵥ˣϯѩƬ䵽ǰֵܣ
ҵĴҪɱҪ㣬ҲһֻۣҺ±˿
ˣлл㡭ۡ

ˣֵܣģ㡭š
ٱ㣬ҽԺⲡϲá


˵

ΪõظðҲôΪҩ
죬Ȼûӵķˣûһθڡⲡֹ
ģСҲҷɡ

ⳣҺΪѡҸһǵɽˣȢ
ôƯİ㡣ô͸أ롣ӵ
ܲסزң֪ҡεëҪ
ҵֵǮɱ顣ǵõǰ̲ɣǵø
ǰҸһĦŮ˯ӣҳɲ¡ҪȡӣӦǮ
᲻Ǵθˣ˵ⲡǱڣ˵ֲ㴫Ҵ㣬
ԽԽ࣬ɺ顣

˲ҪֲֻܳŮôˣ
˭

һ԰˵ɣڽˣ֪Լһ
ּ̬ȣɻиõĽ취𣿰㣬㣬ԲҺ
㡣



¼˵

ҽг¼ҾǰС壬ھƳݹҸܵġ
ΪرԼߣҵС˵ңҶԱƪµʵԸ

ҽԺ201ֶӣƪеλ˹˶
ߣڰΪԼõǰ̲󡣱ŶԶ߸ε̬ȣ
ҵý¡㵽ҽԺ֪ôʹ
Լǽһһÿˡ
ˡ˵˰һ

201һԷԷģ˵õĲܻᴫӣ
ӷһ׮׮ǰʵ£˵Ĳġ֮ȫ
Լ

һƬУһλ۾Ĵժ¿֣һݱ浥
˵޿ģˣõǣȥҪ˵ģ
ǲ˵ģϾҲ˵ģҽ˺ҽ˺˾


β

еͻȻˣ˾ǶŵĲλ


һĹʦ˵֮ϣ˼ձ
ϣޣȻѵģҲˡ

λʦԣǶԹԹϳҰдűݣ
һ˵Ҫ޸˫ţǹҼʷ
̸ܽӵѧʣ²졣

֮ϣСγɶµĴ˵ҴһλĿ
⵽һֻվһʯϣͻȻϿˣˮʱ
ڷɣ̶ȥλĿ߻Ϊ֮дһʫʷʽĳʫһǧ
УνʼҴλʫ˵ĲϿˣʫûдƪ
е¡ֶӸҽԺҽԱһС
˲֪Ƕ൱෹̸ʣ㲻ʲôһƵĹˡͷ
ֽÿǵķºɱ飬ͶˡҶ¼֪
֪ףΪҵС˵ңҲ̾ʵҪС˵ʶˡԣһ
ʵ¼ʼĩ˵ɡ˫Ѷϣñȷ˶˫ᣬ
ֻƵ˶ţ1987ˮţֳƶš

˰⾰˫ŵĶŴѺ£ԭԲ˿ţ
;

ɫһ٣ҴҺӳķ˹԰޴
ͰǣŮϲŶһڴӺ
飬ǣžģĶӡҺһӸ˵һĴ
ϼˣˣֵءúùСӡǽ
ã˵綨ڴ˽顣ʱ򣬲һңС壬
Ĵϲơ

ģڵһߵһȵһŶδԶ
ݡ

˵㡣

һ̸˵˻ˮ󿴿ţסҡ

ҿ¼ҵĹϵǢˡּֽȳ
ֺϺ

ϣмλȫñĹԱͱԹ
˵ߣҪпʽίس޸ǰ
ʮۡ

ͷû⣬ЦǺǵ˵

ó˺ϸӰ˶˵á

ʱ˺ӡˡС𾢣POSE
һĻɴգӴɴȹöɴβֻ
졣һӵӰʦӰݣԱһ˧һü
һŷ峯ˣȥĵӰƵġƺȫɫ
鶯еţӰʦʾ˲Ƶġ

Թϣһţֻһţзţ
սʱһţлţϳƷţȱһŶɣñȷ˶һᡣ
˫ţֽзš


ڱ༭
Уԣ
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