˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

԰װԺʿ

ߣ

й,Ժʿѧܹõ.Ժʿ,ڹԱȡԺ,
йΨһеĵλֻԺʿ.ԺʿҲǸѧڴѧ
Ҫ,ԺʿѡľҲԤ,׳㻯,ĳЩ
ֶ,人ѧУºĲʿѧʱ,Ϊ
Ǳ绤˵,ΪǽѧԺԺʿѡ,ľֵĶ
.

˼,װԺʿ֮Ӧ˶.νװԺʿԺʿڵλ
ڵҵķŵѡ˵Ĳ,ͨƭֶ,úѡͨѡ
Ժʿ,˾ʼ90,֪ʱ90,ڴӱص人Ŀͳ,
ѧһÿ,һ˵,Ժʿѡ˼:(ѧ?)
걨3,һû,ĳĳ211ѧ(,?)ڵĲϷ
һڵĲϴ,ȴ,ѧУԺʿ¼.

ڵʱûԺʿһѧУӰش,ûϵѧУȻе
ƽ,Ҳûд󶯸ɸ,ȥ,ķչȴȫ
ǵ,˺,,¼ĴѧԺʿԽԽ,
ҵѧаϵȴȥ,̧ͷ.

,˿ͷ˸,,С,Ը
,У¸صϽڵԺʿ(人ѧʻ),ѧҵƽƽ,
,ڹصĳЩȴԺʿ.˽ﲻƽ֮,ѧԺ
Ҳȫ֪,,жԲ,װ֮,˼ĵ
У:ݱȽϿɿϢ,ڼǰѧУί:
ΪѧУƷλ,ѧУĲ,,ڼڰװУΪԺʿ,
˵ڱͽ̵ĸУӤ.ȻΪѧУСȫΥ
ѵαͽ,Уȴõʵ,ȥ걻к,
һ˵, УȻĵ˿ѧԺԺʿѡ.˵һ
û,ܵѧԺԺʿ,йûпѧ;Ҳ˵,人
ѧ,ĳɼѧУԴװԼ :кüʡһ
Ƚ,йҿƼȽ,ƪ.гɼǵУ
ȡõ,кΪͳƹ,2005°鹤ſ֪, У,ÿ
һλ,μλ;һ4λ,μ2λ,㵽
س,,㱨,ӲѧУȵ,˷æĹڿнѧ
˴ĳɼ,п?֮¾ǳ,ֱϸµ׵ľٱ.

쿴ýΪԼ绤˵֮ȫ֪,˵ôһ
ڵĶ鲻ֵͶ,ô֪֪,걨ԺʿＸƪ,
ƪѧ,Щ㻹ǲ?֪˵С,
кüԺʿμ,У鼶,Գ,ʵ
ѡƱһַ(ѡ).У⼸人ѧΪ
װȫʦȪõַ(ǰȪնĲʿ,ͱװΪ
ʱĹ)ҸΪ֪ƪĵ,ָһƪڻ
һȽ,ӶΪһ־:йеҵ(?)ѧ.Ϊ걨Ժʿ
ש.֪ܲȫĳϮ.

駿ѧԺѧ,ѧԺԺʿǴȫĿѧѡ,Ϊ
ҿѧչṩѯ.

ѧǴ¿ѧо,̽Ȼɵ;ѧо͸߿
ͬ,ûֳɵĴ,ҪҳȷĴ,ͼ
.ѷǳ,ҪоȤԵÿ.

ѧ˶֪ѧһŻνݽṹ,̸ڼʱ,
Ľṹ,,ջ,Ͷջ,Խ,Խ˳,
.ȨװԺʿΪ,ɹ۵оԱ(,о)
Ϊ쵼,ǵͼ,ȥĽǮ,ȥǵʵ,
,ʵЩͬһֹ۵,,˶
˳,Ӱٶ,仰˵,Ӱҵȷ𰸵ʱ.,ʹΪ,
Ϊ˳ѧɹ,ԯ.,ǵΪ˳ѧɹҲҪ԰
װԺʿ.

дһ׮ʷ,￻ѡͳ.1923꣬
Ұļ͵Ĳ￲Լֱϵ֧ڵķԣ߻˻ѡͳ
ĳ硣ÿѡƱ5000Ԫļ۸޳Ա192310£
лͳıΪܹġѡͳǮȥͶ
ƱԱ,Ӵ˱ΪԱ.

浣ҵԺʿѡ,һЩλóԪĻ,
һֶȥѡƱ,װԺʿ,˵׼,һҲһԺʿ
ĳ.

ѧԺԺʿӦĿѧ,ȫľ,һѧ
ԺʿԽԽ,ڰװԺʿ֮ôʢ,ѡϵһˮƽһ,
һ,ϿֹͣǵĺΪ.ȵ˴,Ͳ,ų
.

˵һ,Ҳѡ,ĿʮĿѧ,
ͣһ,һҪչ?ҾѶ,¶,ĲһǺÿѧ
, Ӽղ,Ŷ˹ѧʿ׶(Grigori 
Perelman)Ϊ֤,ûо,û,û,ĸ׵
Ͻ,еı׼,ʲô,һ¸ߣ˭
˵Ŀѧ?о,Ժһ,һ,ȱ.
ѧһȽ궼ȱ,Ҳܺ?

(XYS20090807)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

人УϮ¼ı

ߣ

人ƪΪʵ¼˵ѧܱ¶֤
ȷ䣬޷ϣʱ̬͹õַԺʿѡĹ
ʱڣʱ˶ĵĿԼ޷ĳϮʵ
ֻ뿪ڶֵĶ£뵱ФӾٱܾٱ
һޣһԺʿѡ˹ʾΪʹҹע;ٱ
ôĹؼھٱĲǷʵ˵ӵľٱФѧ
ˮƽĸߵ⣬۵أµĿŵĳϮ
˵Ȳ֪飬ڲ⣬Īö֪˼
ȻԾͳ˱ĵı

ʵϲԺʿѡڼ䣬ѧĸΪÿҷ
޿ɱ粵ʱı۾ͳˣϽУ졢ҽ
ҩѧУ־ΰ㽭ѧԺʿȵٱҷ󣬶
˵˽˶Թͻ֮ǶȻı䲻ǵЩ
мһʵ

ܰèèźӾǺèˣҪ˵ʲôģܰѧ
еĸܽ¶ͺá

˼Ҿʲôģ·ң֪վüģʵȥ顣

ʲô֮Ļͽ͵ġ

人ı

人УϮ¼ı Ժʿѡй

2009-08-06 13:18   人

ʾ

ߣ˵¼һıųܡϾԺʿ
ѡھοѹȥˣԺʿѡĹؼʱڣ
ʱ˶ĵĿԼ

ĵʵ壻

ָй걨

ϮûͨѧУ УƴѴ³ϡн
Ρ

գ人ѧڡ˵гƣý̱人ѧ
УӳϮ¼4ʵ塣

ȣʽǾί󶨣ȷλ28ƪΪ
ļ(ʽ)κθΪڸǴΪ

Σֱٿ½ڶлͶƪȫ֪顣

ǻ֪ͨȷ涨עѺ̰ĳѣлûн
עѣӦΪԶĿ

й걨֮ǰûкѧУرǵ½
κβɷú͹ͨʹ¼Ҫһȱʧ

գй걨ƣڷгϮģɾ
һģύλԱÿһʽ̡人ѧƣ
˱

Уƣλ(ָڶȫѧ)յ50ƪͬ
ר28ƪ롰ڶȫѧļ(ʽ
) (ΪISBN 978-7-900766-53-3/TH-4)

ȷʵύÿ2̣֮һǿڼṩߵ
һŰ50ƪͶĵḶ́ùл7ļһ
͵ڶȫѧĻ֪ͨɷ֪ͨٿй˹ѧ
רҵίԱ֪ͨȡùǷʽģֻǻڼ䷽
ʹáʱίҲȷ˵

ڻÿյĵڶẒ́ʽģǾͬר
ȷġڶȫѧļ(ʽ)н
28ƪġ

28ƪģļʽģĶԭûͨ
ģý屨ʽ桯û˳Ϯ֮¡л
ƪҲʧ49ƪΪ28ƪһλ˽ͣǳϮ֮
꼰㡯ĽġͬʧΪ˲óϮԵͻ
أ

ϮûͨѧУ

Уƣ¶Ϯһ㶼֪飬ƪѧУһ
ûͨ

УܣڿͶͷ¿ȷҪһѧ
ͶʱͶָʦͬ壻յ
¼֪ͨٽĽĿ飬ãͨ
飬ٽĵȷϲն壬֧֮ѵȡ
лͶʱûκֻյȫ3ƪ¼
֪ͨŸʦ飬ķѡ2λʦ
ģΪĶϷҪҪΪо룬
ûطʵݵȣûͨ飬Ҳûнһ
ȷϡ

УǿлʱṩģʦûзĳϮ⣬
½ڴʱȫ֪顣

УƴѴ

ûͨ飬лҲûύʽĵwordĵ(ίҪ
)ͻע(ĳ)ѧûעѻû
ʽύΪԶȨԿ鲢ûȷҪл塣

20081219գһ죬½Ӧ˴רⱨ档
ί½ڣһƪһߵгϮɣ
½ڵʱ֪ƪģ绰ظ˽
ʵ(Լ20)½ڼί㱨˿л
ĵĴõίȷлûнɻע(ĳ)
лίύ˵ȷĵһ½ȫ
֪飬ͬʱʽύ˳롣

У˵лش½ڼ鷢ֺ
Ĵһǵ֪󣬶л
̼飻ǵ겻ѧλ룬Ƶڶ룻
ǵڶѧλʱ7λУרҶоʿ
Ľ鲢ȷϡ⻹ٿȫоᣬѧѧ
½ĵѧɹϸ涨

³ϡнΡ

Ŀǰлѧλڹʾڡ¶ѧλӰ죿人ѧ
ί˳ƣƪΪ벩ʿѧλĲ֮һ
ôĲʿѧλ޷áǣѧλйع涨衣
ڴֵ÷зӰ켫ѧλǷܵӰ죬Ҳ˵

ڡ˵У³ƣ鷢󣬾ҷǳӲѾȡ
ӦĴʩΪлĵʦһǸڽΡ

˵ý屨º󣬴ܴ󣬽ȡ̵Ľѵ
ദߵѧУѧΪ֪ͨ񣬴ͷһ
ѧ̬ȡѧУһȡΪЧشʩǿѧ淶
ķ

¸˼

1970ҵڻйѧԺϵͳԶרҵ

1984-1986Ӣѧѧߡ

1992-1994Ӣ(Bolton)ѧڡ

19961999ֱΪ۴ѧ¼¹ѧʽڡ

1999عλѧڡУ

2000人ѧУ人ѧѧԺڡʿʦ

йеѧʦѧ߼Ա

йѧ᳣

йе־Ľ춭»ḱ³

־ί

оCIRPԱ

ȫУо᳣

ʡеѧͺʡһ廯ѧḱ³

ʡеӹԶѧ¼ѧίԱίԱ

ʡߵѧУƼѧ³

΢ͼӦáһ廯졢ִ켼Լ
ϵͳĿɿϵѧоر˴
ԵĹˡ졷־ȡһгɹȺ20
нѧɹҺʡУɹҿƼȽ
4ɹʡƼһȽ

ейȻѧ𡢲ʿԼҼίѧĿʡ
ȶо͸߼ҵĿҵĲʿ󣬲ʿ
˶ʿо

߶Ի

ٱԺʿѡй

ѧȦǱղ

գ人ѧУĳϮ¼У˽
Ի

ߣѧУΪ¶ԳϮĺ֪飬ʲô֤ݣ

ʱлдģҪ֧ѣԱȹѧУһ
أѧУһûͨҲûֳϮΪҲûȷ
⡣УҲ֪(ָڶȫѧ)
Ǹ飬Ϊҵнϸ֪ȵУȫԲμӡ
ˣϮļϷ塣Ӷ˵Ҫ
еôɡ

ߣĳϮ¼󣬶±Ӱ죬ģԺ
ʿѡģ

Ӱ϶еġĻĳϮУ
ȷʵȲ֪ġĿǰڵ£δڻӰ
ԺʿѡĿǰ˵

ߣ˵¼һı

ųܡϾԺʿѡھοѹȥ
ˣԺʿѡĹؼʱڣʱ˶ĵĿԼ

ߣлдƪģûиߵʦΪҪϵʦ֣Ϊ
ĵĵһߣ

ȦڵǱ򣬴Ҷղġѧôһ
ԼĵʦҪǣϵʦ֣ľ׷Щ
ʦ

ߣ³ԺѧУھѧж

¾ý¶ȷʵѧУɺܻӰ졣˴νѵܲ
ʹ룬ѧУ϶ѧ˷дʵϣʱ鷢
ѧУͶԵлദٿרŻ飬оѧ


ߣʦУлһʲôѧ

ʵǵ˵лһѧӣǿʱ
У֦ʱѧУҲУ
󣬲Ƴѧλʱ䣬УҲ

顰Ϯš

գڡ人ѧУĳϮţ۹ȫ
ѷ׷׷۵㡣зŭߣǴߣͬҲлߡ

人ѣ

人ѧϽʦҺ人һеߡ
˼ʮŬƴӮõܵشҸеʹļסϮ¼
˺Ǵѧ˺Ϊ֮ܶʦԲ人ѧĹ
ͺǻֶӵĳϮ¼ǸΪӦദŹ
ѧʦ޹ģڷŬģɾҲĿõġҼ
Ǵѧظлһ֧人ѧ

˹ѣ

ӹȷʵûбҪȥϮ

ѧУְ(߹)˶ֻ֪һʵ
ûС˵ʵְָʱֻĲְֻϺĿ
£ֻĲҪдϴֻƱԺʿʱ
ĸò֣ԺʿʱǿĵĶ٣ǿĵӰӡ

ԣΪܱ˲ûֶҿԸһЩۣá


˽Ͼѣ

˫оʱһ߸У

˽ѣ

˲ԭµĲǳϮΪǳϮߵļֵۡΪʲôһ
ٶسֳϮΪԲֹܽ

ѧǱսٵѧ 

ǰһ׮Ϯ¼ҵʱСΧڴͻȻý
ع⣻عʱô΢굱ҪпԺԺʿ֮λôɵ
ô

ʱ˿̸̣ıۡȻأΪо׻Ӭ
ûĵڰ

µվڡΣĽǶȿҲź飬·ʱ
û֣Ϊ߸߾¡赭д˴
£û뵽ڱˡ򡢷Ŵ󡢷͡룬ڷĳϮ
һʱ䣬 ؼҳ󡱣ذѧ¹淶£к
Щ׷

վøһЩͻֻ֣ᷢҪѧȦǱ򲻸ģû
¼Ҳ¡£㲻人¼Ҳ
ȫܷѧ

ѧдĹϵʦ֣ѾղǱ򡱡ûԸ
Ͷɹϱ˵֣ѧɵϣ֮޷ǣ1
жĺô2òҪԿ3ԼͶɹ
Ҳۡ

йѧȦĻǾ͵һһĳűɡЩ
йѧȦȨ͹ƶȨǣӦʮֽǲٰϧ
֣⡰ҡǵ֣ôǵߣֻǳ
⡣

(XYS20090807)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

ѧӲ֪˵֤ɳǲ۲α
ںԷⲩʿαڡѧƭɳ֮

ߣ׳

ͣhttp://blog.sina.com.cn/michenfeng,  E-mail: 
mikemi0422@hotmail.com
ѧʷϵŴʷ,¥317칫ң9-23绰
010-62516494

жĳѧߵˮƽͳݡǷд
˷ʥ޹׫˵ģѵΪԼûд
ɳµĴʼȷڵӦƱһ
ЩССԵġ㡱ѣֵ˴󶯸ɸ

ˮƽΣҪҪʡܴ
֡עͲϹ淶һ˵С⣬̫࣬
ó棬ԶԶʮʮٱǾ;ԲʲôС
ˡ֡С⡱ں֮֮ĵ3
ҪоѧӲˣͨʾѧĵԣ͸
ӳɳѧˮƽôԼжǲ
αڡ

ûȺҿ϶ƽ͵ؽЩ
ڴѧ۵⣬ͬѾವƽ͡
ڲͣɢҥԹңͼٸ׷Ӵ֣˾
̬ƽֹͣͣʹáںֻҩζʮԣʻҲ
Ⱑλԭ°ɡ

3.1øԶ񲻶йʷǷ񾭹䶯ͷ

һʵعˡĲʿĵ9ҳ˵йʷķչ
˴ͳһٵͳһʷѭһѭǴغ
ͳһκϱķѣٵƵͳһڶѭǴƵͳһ
ɽĵķѣٵԪͳһ 

33ҳҲ˵ʼͳһԺ2200꣬йͳһʱ䣬Լռ70
ѵʱԼ30  λȻǴȷġ

ǣλȴƷϵȷۣǰìܡ
ڵ6ҳ˵ѻƬսǰйŴδܹĸ
ԵսûгΪֶжϵ󡱣

ڵ7ҳһ˵ġ̡ܵءϱơ
ΡԪ壬ػ䣬δʷϵĶ
ʷϵڽϱֳȶԡ

ڵ122ҳְֻ£߽γɵһͬǣ
ı߽ǡƶ߽Զԣй߽ǡ̶߽

ȻЩǰìܵ˵ǴӻĶֲοճƴӶġ
ҲΪɳڱ˴ƴԺûκͳ幤ܿڶǰ
ݲݵ޸Ĺһ顣ֻΪ֪ʶƶܷеìܣû
ȥЩìܣĨƽЩ硣

ɳڡλӦ˵׳򵥵ذʷϺ
Ȩĳͻͬ⡢ϵʵָġָ
壬л壬ʷҲָͳζԣָ
ĳ׳Աġǰìܡָ𲢲

ڵڶǣΪī˾ʷ
ЩѾδʵĳǰʲô֮⣿ʲô
ǻ֮𡢺֮úдйŴʷ͵ҪݹźĴ
ͳܹͣͨŽЩ¸ܼ
Ԭ𣿲ʵƷԼ׳ɵĸѹŽ
Ҫͷ֮⴩׫´⣬һЩѾδ
ʵĳǰðȻʿģ޲ͽҡ

ȻЩʷչĻͷǣܺ෴ǣһ
ȫġС⡱۾⡣ԺͺΪĵ
֮𡱴ͳ۸Ƿܱȸ²ҹ㷺ܣȡڹ
ĻǷӦ±仯Ŀǰԣδд
ȱ䣬пܣƤвëɸɳ˵
ͨЩԡѧկȻӱìܵĳǰۣδ10Ҳ
һִܳͨ˸۵ĸ߲š

վйʷõ֮⡢֮𡢺֮
ʵʷɲʿļλӦƱνѻƬսǰ
йŴδܹĸԵսûгΪ
ֶжϵ⼸α϶Ǳ֮˴ìܵġ
ˣϴ˵ĲʿҪʷʵϣᴩȫƪ
ࡰǰìܡȫ
ʹˣԽԽڣԽƱԽ¶ǳһǿֻҽһ
ᶨ㲻ǲʶǲʵʺøԶα
ڡ

3.2غκǰС

һʵعˡɳ²ʿĵ8ҳ˵غͳһʱڵı߽
ΪͬȨͳΣʹһʱڽƳֳӷ硾棬
ûдƺκδͳǻ϶ǻԭغͳһʱĽ
֮ڡȻ϶Ϊκǰغں󣬱κκκĽ
Ľ򻹴أҪô˵ġغûдǰκ
δͳλأɳ˸Ϳ߼ҵߵǰСĳ
˵йͨʷʶǶô

ɳڡλӦҷ༥׳ȡ壬ԭģ
Ȿ˵˼׳õġһ֮ǰԭһλ
ηȨͬʱ棬ݶԿľ棬ʮ
йڻ״СȨȶռƣ
ͳһĶʮ⣬ʱڸݡȻϱ
һλǰͶ뺺κδͳһʱϵʱһµģ
κìܡ

ڵڶǣΪӦҼȲ
ҲܽܡһǻӦǰԲȱ߼Ϳ֮
ǲ֤۵⣬غκǰС漰ĳ
˳ͰͼСû˿ϸ

ҵı˵غǰκںغİͼϴκİͼС
ùǶԭǡǡ෴ߵǰҲߵ
ߵİͼСû뵽ĻӦȴʣȫûӦһ
䡣

һͷ֤Ƕλϱʱ
ڼȨԼݡԿңûһЩ˭
˭˭˭СģûרŷҵԹ۵㡣۵Ҫּ˫
⣬۵ԡһ⣬ۣί͹ڸ
뿪Աжϱ˴˵ǷǸأ

Ʒѽǣ˵Ƕλͷᵽġϱ
λġǰͶ뺺κδͳһʱϵʱһ
ġǶλ͡κìܡʲô߼߰㣬Ķ
Ķ

۱κһҪ˵ABǰᣬðһʵһΪʲ
ô˵˴˾ϵľҪ˵ABĶýһǰ﷨
ϵʲôǰͶĳЩ߿ܲʷǴһ
﷨ʶѽʹܴϽ⡰ʲôǶĴߣм
ûṹмֱ۵ʶǲǶṹģҲܹ
⣬Ϊ43ûμӹκοԣԻòʿ㵱Ȼ
ѧңڷԷȫͬġǰͶ
ʱôܼȲ߼Ҳ﷨߼¿죬ǿ
ǶǵĽأǽˮƽ۱ʱӦеѧʶ̬ǿʶ
Ч

ʣĺԡغͳһʱڵı߽ûдƺκ
ͳ仰Եߵغǰκں˳ͼСϵ
ҡغûдƺκǰʹáʹغ
κ¸Գ˽ҵì⡣

﷨ʶǣAB־ͶԣΪơǼﶯʶ
ԷʣAͱBĸͱ˴ϸ߻ȫų⣬
ⲻ﷨ͨغơκ﷨ǡǡ
AﺬвúеBɷݣBҲвúеAɷݣصǰ
彻棬˭˭Ҫ˵ƺΥԭ⣿۰κ
ֵ﷨϶ǲ䡣֪ܹǷбġɽկ桱﷨ؼ
䣬ɷһ磿

ɴ˿ϴεһҪȫʵʴڵĴҪƱ
ΪκìܡκͼĻʵĲʿƵ
ʶǰìܻ࣬ҾͲоˡ

ڿ׫дʿĵ1998겻סغκǰ
СϸµԺ2009Ȼס
ʷ֪ʶû˿˵ķΧͶҲⲻˣʲôˮƽ
˵򵥵ĻҲղסʲôΣ粻Ǹ
ѧĲݰ˵֤

3.313ͼΪԡ֮й֮ݵ

һʵعˣΪӪ첩ʿͼĲïЧɳ
¼13ӡͼǰˡͼĿ¼жΪԵĸ
ڣڡͼĿ¼ûᵽ߼Դڸͼÿһҳҵ
հ׵طҲͬûᵽ1-5ͼԭ£Ϊȫ
һӰܴ飺Լ͵ (J.F.Baddeley) 
šй¾4᣻ܡиշ룬ӡ1981档

1981-98ԣɳºܿǵһλùЩͼ
ˡЩͼרչʾй߽ɹźͶµͼҲ
ǷӢĵɹ˵ʱõĿľļصʷͼ
˽ɶ֮ͼĺͼΪɳڽ
ҲǾͨǹֵɹʷר֮һͼ˵
ߣ߲Ϊͼϵĺﶼǲʿ߳ɳ·ģ
ҲΪ5µͼԼƵġ

ڵλӦ˵˳ϣָĸͼȷʵûԼ
˵֣ϸѧ淶ϣȷв㡣ǶûС߼
Դ6-12ͼ12ͼ⣬ͼ϶ԭ˵֣
ת¼ߵ˵ʹ12ͼ15ͼ
Ȼ¼δĵ72-76ҳͼƹ̶
꾡˵븽ͼ໥ӦĵȻһĿȻϲ
 [κ] ᣡ

ڵڶǣԲͼͼȤҪֲѡ
תʲôǲǻȻȻ󵼶ߣΪ
Ķתĵ1-5ͼǡɳ²ʿġľֲ᲻ȻȻ
дϡתԳɳ²ʿġҪκνоֲѡõ˱ǰͨ
ȫ飬ΣǺҪ𣿴˶ã
ֲԵģȫͨˣĲʿȫû
£ĳһԼؽҪ
Ŀ¼Ͳͼ֮˵İȨԴڸݵѾ¶Զ
֤ɽ԰ѵǴȻͽ͵ġ

3.4׫ʷ˹Ժʿҥ

һʵعˡɳ²ʿĵ8ҳ˵κϱ
ںϵҪʱڣзࡢ߾ꡢ𼪣ūɡʱȻ
߳ڳǰ ϴεǣȻҲһŴ
ǰѼϸǰһĳǰֲ֮ͬһ
һ ˶ѡ

ɳڵλӦﷴ˵ָЩô⣬Ǵ
󡣡˴ǰָ嶨֮ңȻ
ǰ֮

ڵڶĺǣκϱҶ
ũҵ֮Ψ⣬ҡⴿ֪˵޻
̸֮ʵڹԪ3-6͵κϱʱڣ޼ܱߵ
ڵ36-50ңûжٹѾչΪũҵӹ
˳ڵ̬תڣʽڽũ֮䡣
һЩԶӺũΪͬūȻЩԭɳĮĴ
䣬κʱڵ޵Ϊ١ǰʢǡǡһڼ
ӪũĹ͹ҡ

ÿ˹ѧʷȨרGavin R.G. Hamblyڣ䡶
ʷۡرǿ̬ļкͻʷѧνġǡ
[]ָķΧ޸شöࡣʹǡǡ[]
׾áŷǴ½вͺöˡЩԼδչ
ȷŷвǣκʷʱڵǸ߽綼
Ǹݡ͡ҰȻֱ˴˻Թϵġ
Ȼҵǣǳö綨綨ҰĶԵ˼άģʽ
ǿסġ

In its historical application the term Central Asia designates an 
area that is considerably larger than the heartland of the Asian 
continent. Were it not for the awkwardness of the term, it would be 
better to speak of Central Eurasia, comprising all those parts of the 
huge Eurasian landmass that did not develop a distinctive sedentary 
civilization of their own. But the real boundaries of Central Asia are 
determined at any given time in history by the relationship between 
the civilized and the barbarianthe two opposed but 
complementary. The equation so often propoundedof the civilized with 
the sedentary and the barbarian with the nomadis misleading, however. 
From the Entry of History of Central Asia, Introduction by Prof. Gavin 
R.G. Hambly, University of Texas at Dallas, In Encyclop?dia Britannica, 
the 15th Edition, 2009.

дĹŽʷϱøӾ壺ʱԺһʱ
Wusun/UysunԺʷȱ١ۡµ䣬ɴС
ΡܹҪ˵κϱ, ԭС־ڵһ¹ðȡ
ﶫߴ, ߴεΪ402-410꣬ɹŸԭȻ
ðιʹǨɽ֮УҶǨ룬
ˣSakaͬٶʷʧˡ˱κɮơ
ȡʱ߱˴뼰ϣȴδҲټܹ1998
2009귴ᵽǸκϱ

ؼǣǳܹܺ˵ʲôңڼӪũ
ҵ顤򴫡أǲ޺ݽ
УͳȡĶũҵܾܿںӰ·չġ
ҹĿԱһĹзһѧ
ʮʹҰĹءѧ
תũӵơ￼Źᵽ˹Ｐ
ʳӹ߱ͭʯĥʯȡձѧΪ
ɽ´Ĺңɽ֮еĹңһӾסλÿ϶
ũӵĵ

ֵҪԴμٶȰٿơ
http://baike.baidu.com/view/1060025.htm

ʢκʹ޹һ
ӪũҵתڣѲǴҡйż?
ʹ֤ӳ֤ΪƾҲеĹרҸ֮
֤

һĽһôʲС⣬ûüһ
Ǵ䣬ϲܳΪǰΪκγǰжӵĳǳΪ
ءͬһϹūȻȿ϶κγǰ
ܣһ޻ѵ֪ʶƶټ֡ƵҲò
Ϊ˷䵹Ϊνġɹʷʷʿйһרҽȥ
ɨäҹΡʳɲʿרҳɽڣ˵ġ嶨֮
ָЩңоټƾʲô϶ǶǴũҵ
Ȼһ͵ĳǰᲢۣܰ
һôǲǰø˹Ժʿƾձйŵ
̸һΡƽ硱ƾոκϱʷ
һʻĵ񻰣ѵĲʿͨƪһһεƾձ


3.5׶ǸȫĲǷᵽ˱

ѧڼ֪һѧšΪɳ²ʿľз
Ĺԣȹ¼£ҷаζ˵1995ǰĳһ꣬
ŷʷѧĳרҵ׶ٿҪÿ˱Ҫó10ӡ
һλӢһѧϽڻϷԣᵽĳʷѧɵĴʱ
ʶ150ζǵڳһλŭΪ
ʱޣӦн۵㡣ϸӦͨ;ڻ
ʶϲ

룺ϲС⣬һѣĲٷᣬ
˰ɡûϵһϽڻǣŭ
ɶȡԴĲɽֽдȻϯһϽ
齵ķſڣȫĲһڻҸǸϣ
ʱXXX䡱ɢԺһƬȻ

˵ɳ²ʿĵ8-9ҳ250еġ⡣

С⡰ڶʷϻԾԭܵйγ
ҪӰ족֮µɳڴԼ600ƪһȻһ
Զ250Ŵҵƣͼ˵̳һڹ
ҡ䷦ζ֮߳ǸӢڵ࣬һ
ҲûѺüĹ򡣲뿴ԭģ

ܱߵ(ʱı߽)ʱԭδ
ƵĵطѾγ塣ķ̳߽
ֲ¦ݡǡŽġʮԽŽ[ǰ]
걵ˡӡ姡ءסȡ
ء⡢ݣͬġɯԡ
ԡū¥ϡ ЩķֱΪġ
ֶġҡ֡غʱڣķ弯ŵĻϣֺ
γūס顢ت壻γ˶ڻʱ
ʡࡢ߾¦壻γ36ǰ壻
ڶصǼģϷŰԽϵͰϵ塣κϱ
ںϵҪʱڣзࡢ߾ꡢ𼪣ūɡʱ
Ȼ߳ڳǰصǼȻ룻ϷϷ
šٵȡʱڱաͻʡѦӡ
˹ǰɡ()Τެ
Ȼ롢ǼȣϷϷٵ桢šϪ姡
ݡݵȡΡɡʱڣɡΤŮȣ 
買()ɳӡɹŸеǼͻʡ(ηأ)
˹ȣǼެʩ˳ôЩࡢѰ
ȣϷ硢桢šСס 

ע⣬ǧҪΪעͻ¼ڲʿĵ
ƽضΣ

ִ飬ֶβУûвα⣬ҲûԼ
㹻ĹɷָǷǳ͵ԭʼػ
ɨƴԺδ༭ĶЧҪ⻹
߳򲻵Ҫ졣Զɵ
ƴӣǷظȱǰìܣκĶȥ
ֱ꣬۶һǸᷳŷʱû
ɿݸ߳ζӲܵĵǷҪ
ܵʷܲɹݣ1205䣩ſ
һµĲ棺ȫĲᵽ

֮гԭʼϺѧΪԼ
ϵأΪֵڴ

һĵıۣͨʶȲ۾ݣԼĻ
κǣ߳䲻۶ԭʼϡйصı༭ƶ
Ӧ淶רΪĹռ
֣ԭʼðƪҪĴԭʼֻܷע
ͻ߸¼

ڶԭʼϴûаȨƣûгϮ/Ժ󻼣ض
ƣƱĳϮ/ҡˣҪ
淶ƶȣ֮һñΪϮ/ԡɳ
´˰ÿҳƽ850֣һռ˴Լ600֣ռҳƪ
75%ԶԶˡֿпɲصķ
ôͬڽ23ֵļ̴18͵й磭߽
ĳЩ½׷ݹһظҪѶʮʷͳͳο
Ŀָ״һΪ˳ͷǱڱеĻƪӦ600
ΪֲϮ/ԣܾⱵĲķơ

3.6ƻľѥɦǳɳѧƭһص

һʵعˡ˵Ĳʿĵ91ҳĿ 
߽ЧϽʩҲһظ߼ͨΪϽʩ
ʩǹϽӳɳµĿӢ룬ʩ
Ͻͬ͸ԡڹϽʩƪ⣬
ʲôأɲǿͣαʿ涮ʲôǡʩĺ

ɳڵλӦﷴ˵Դָ𣬱˿Ա߽Ϊ˵
ĵĹϽǡkadalambiʩǡdasambi÷ͬνʩ
ۺϽжַʽʺг̶ϵĲͬ׳
Ϊظ߼ͨɼ˶ĵ֪ʶ

ڵڶǣһǺģֻ
漰ԡ˴˾ͺﺬ巢飬ʱͲ
ҶĹ缿ڴӺѰҽڣ
ܽﱾ𣿺ǷӦҪú֤Ĵ򾭵
ۡʵ֤ĸ飬ûпܳԽĳ
Щأڴоٵ½֤б̸֮ƾն׫ǳ
ɡ

ɱɵǣ ڡй걨715շĵڶλӦԼ
ܻڳԣ׳ǡСơ͵Ρ׵ˮƽܵ
ҵѧѧϿΡλӦֽһҵ֪
ʶ񡱣ԶΪ˴˵ѧ̫󣬲ϣ
мչ۱硣

Ϊѧ֮ߵǳ˶зȨûڹλ
Сѵ۵ĳɰܵʧԷĵȼߵбȻϵڮ
ҵѧʶҵ˸񣬾Żסң㿪ҵٸʵ׷ʹ򣬱
ڽӵİ¶

ȴӺﱾ˵һ⡣ҴӡǺִʵ䡷
ͶֵӢʵ롰Ͻصļ֡Ժ֣θ
ԣϽϽͳϽߵһͳ/ĳ/=To 
govern (place, people), rule over (territory, people)˾ĺ
оޣָĳ/оֲȨ˾ϽȨ= have 
jurisdiction over

Ȼ鲻衰ʩΪǴ飬һʣ
Ǿһݽ׷顰ʩɲ֡ʩС͡ι
ȴأҳۺϺ롰Ͻ/ͳϽ޶¡

ڸֳܹܳʾˡ㾹Ҵ˵λ˵ʲôġʩ
ۺϽжַʽʺг̶ϵĲͬ
ʲô򾭵䣬˵ͨʻ㡰Ͻʩ
ôδŵķʽͬͳ̶Ȳͬ˭涨ôϸ΢Լ
ػǳϮ˵ģ˵

˵ڶʵ֤ĸ顱⡣

ӹɣȫʱѧǱĸʱ
ԭϽǺģȫϹʹ磬Ӣʱ
ϣ׼򡣾
ʲôԣ𰸿˭Ҳ˵壻ǲʲôԵķ𰸣Ը
ڴ˸һ

ӦϸֹоĿԡ飬
ϹϵСȫɵľоתƻ⡣˵ƪ£
һƪоШֵӢģһƪо׹ĵĺġôӢ
ͺǵĹШֺͼ׹оָ
ƪӢĵĹߵʹ˱ʾֵӢﵥ
hieroglyphШCuneiformʱӢֻܴ18ѧ
ҵĹѰǷйͨٵ䣬ϴϴתƻ
⣬̸оٹŴкжپ֣ͬΥˡ
ܹͬĵĹִо漰
飬оĿйϵС𣬺һΥ
⡣

Σڹڱۣôǵͨ
еԣαڻ߸ĸ˫֪Ҳ
Ⲣٲñ˴Ƿǡܰѽһöȫĳ
ֱƧ¶

ϴξ˵Ӣ룬ʩ͹Ͻͬ͸ԡ
ûоһΣҰصӢͶһһдˣǱ¿֮
ʿѧӢϸԡĳɲʿؿห
༥ΪӢڵͨáУεڻ߸ں˫
Ӧ֪ҲⲢٲãԷʸ

ΪʲôҪ˵ܹڴ˹äĿزأΪ
ڵʲͨáڲУҲԶԶںǱ
Ƨԡҷûѧ߶޷ٲ
˴ǷǣԲʸ

ôΪʲô˵ǴԶںǱ
ƧأΪҵһƪ´ͳܹǷشƭ
ӡڡŵ׵½ٵڶսش˹ǰ
µۣȨϱīսԡ

ʲôԣĹѧλĿǰ״أĹο
ŷרۺ͹ڵ˵ܲһ䲻ӦܹͼĴ
ıɱĿġ

ݼô׶ѧȨרRobert I. Binnickдġ̩
ϵۡ˵һΪɰ̩ϵͻɹ-ͨ˹
壬ڴʻ㡢ʷ;䷨ԼĳЩصϾиԴĹԡ
ﱻ߼ĺĻͬԼйִʷ̶ܲ
ǣʹ˵Ѿ϶ˣܵܽ
жһֱ۲ݡ-ͨ˹ĴҲһ
м˻ʹãܾˡ

Altaic languages similarities in vocabulary, morphological and 
syntactic structure, and certain phonological features and which, on 
the basis of systematic sound correspondences, are generally 
considered to be genetically related.The Manchu-Tungus languages, 
The assimilation of the Manchu into the larger Han culture, as well as 
events in the modern history of China, have disfavoured the Manchu 
language; as a result, Manchu is moribund, if not dead, though the 
number of fluent speakers remains controversial. Most of the other 
Manchu-Tungus languages, in like manner, are spoken by critically 
small populations and are unlikely to long survive. From the Entry of 
Altaic languages, by Robert I. Binnick, Professor of Linguistics and 
East Asian Studies, University of Toronto. In Encyclop?dia Britannica, 
the 15th Edition, 2009.

Georg Hazaiڵ۸ӱۣóܹܸʧ-ͨ˹
10-17ɣʹЩɢڻɹֱ
߾г˱ѾŮ⣬
֧Զû֡ѧǶ-ͨ˹֧ķչʷ
໥ϵ֪٣֪״̬ܼܿڣΪ֧Ѿ
߱

The Manchu-Tungus languages are a group of 10 to 17 languages 
spoken by fewer than 70,000 people scattered across a vast region that 
stretches from northern China across Mongolia to the northern boundary 
of Russia. Apart from the moribund Manchu and the now-extinct Juchen 
(Jurchen) languages, these languages have not been written. Relatively 
little is understood about the historical development of individual 
members of Manchu-Tungus or the relationships among them. This state 
of ignorance is likely to endure because most of the languages are 
extinct or near extinction. From the Entry of The Manchu-Tungus 
languages, by Georg Hazai, Professor and Head, Department of Turkish 
Studies, University of Cyprus. In Encyclop?dia Britannica, the 15th 
Edition, 2009.

ﳣʶĺϸ࣬ʰǣȫڴö١Ȼ
17ûĸǿγԣڲ֮
δչԼѧ֮ǰͱƶӵԶú
ˡڿڣ󳼾ͼʹд¡ӺʱڣҰ
µʿӾͺͺһҢ˴տڿϣֽʫԻˡ
ʷȫǧԭʼԵĴһʵ
״̬䣬뱱κТĵذϺ곫
һСڣ˼ѧ⣬ֻк
塱ʮλũмֱԣճ
ΪѡԵ˲3λѾѮ
http://hi.baidu.com/36%CB%EA%B5%C4%C4%C7%B6%FB%B7%F2/blog/item/158eac3fb278cec67d1e7193.html

ԺһֱڻպڱͬĹǿ
չܺӰĳ̶ȶô޴󣬲Դòר
ⴴ10ĸƴдԺĴʻҲԴӱ
Ǭϵһhttp://baike.baidu.com/view/68514.htm
֤ҴǼ꣨1798꣩Ǭ幬ʱдġ˵ʱ
רҰʽΪkiyan cing menôҲǺ
ĻʹԺΪʽϰں֮ϣ
֮ңôȫߵĵʵʲȻ
ĳЩרҽһָ˵̣ͬ
Ҳһ̶ݱΪԣ²ΪܹȴҪ
ĩãͼúܿԼ׫νԵ
壬񲻼ΥʷҲΥ׳

˵⣬оٵ½б̸֮ƾն׫

ճƲ⣬ܹϵҵıͨһȫ
ġǣ֮ԲЩԭ򣬲ΪѾ
ĲʿλӦ﷢ִѣҲΪ
ʵĸ-ˮƽ̫һרΪĸ̫ˣ
ԺòȥʵֱӵԭλӦ±¶
Ｃ󡪡˵ǡ߽ġ

ҿĵר£峯Ĺٷνǡġǡ߽
ġͬ1928Ѻ涨Ϊһġʾ
ҵĹٷԡֵǿǣ峯ͳһǧƽ
ǧ׵ȫձʹù268ԣôܽƺΪƫ
߽ġ߽ġԺ׶һ
Уֹ߽268䣬ڵĸûаפ˾۾
ܾһ峯ʷABCôܰȨ300Ӱ鼰ϱ
˵Ϊ߽ġݺڣһСġԺ
ͽ/ģĸרıר˵߽ġ

ܹªԲʧ֮ӣȻһƪϭĵ
ּѧ۶ںвʵ˲ɵ
⣬ǣԸⲢܹ﹤飬رǵ1-2ֵ
ҵ㹻估侭֤֧ۣĵĹϽǡkadalambi
ʩǡdasambiϴˢѧ裬һʱ׼ֲصҪ
Ǹġ

1Ǭ¡ĩġļרΪѧϰءɡά
õĶմݷḻ19800
2563ҳĴк䱦1957Ѿѹʹղصĳ
Ӱӡɾװ᱾档
2İࡶ﷨żɴ顷, 
2008
3Ӫࣺʵ䡷磬2005
4Jerry Norman: A Concise Manchu-English Lexicon /-Ӣʵ, 
University of Washington Press, 1978, 337 pages, PDF, ԭı, 40.3 
RMB

2009-8-7

(XYS20090807)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

עѽٱĹҺżйѧԺԺʿ֣
ͨʼ͸ԺʿΪٱԭġɷȥ
ĸϢӡǳл

йѧԺԺʿ־ٱԺʿѡƷв˵°ܻ

𾴵ĸλԺʿ쵼Ժʿǣ

֣Ǿٱ潡ˡƷвˡ°ܻ2009йѧ
ԺԺʿѡЧѡˡйѧԺооԱ

2001ʶǰҾ˻5µĺزۡ
6֮õѸѺ۵شĹ
ƣҷնӣδѽӴӦרԢ
֮ԼǰȥʱڸŮԱߵȴ°࣬谵
ƹһŶ̿߹ָָҡҺ֣ǽ˵
ȥɣֻ쳪裬ѺȾơȥ˰Ǵ̨
Ӵˣڳ8ʱڣڸЩ۵ͬʱ
޾˺ҵҸ

̸̸ѧʶʮ־ǳʾ֤ʵ
໥ܣ绰Ǹ绰һţΪܸҵһ
÷ǳ

ڶȥձѧԼ峿ȥ뿪ǰ2ٿǮ
ǸСѰɣˡӴÿڼҵ绰
̸ĸоΡ

Լºձ˾ĵ绰ͬ
˾ȥͬӭӾΥˣʻӵ
дʮȻסһ

Ժݸ800ԪǮ˵֪ǵļ۸񣬲˵
ǰҹһŮҪ800ŮʱΪϸ
ڡʮ־ȣѧ˸˾Ȼμ˶Եáͬʱ
е裬ΪԭΪöϴ˳Խף
ǼŮôһʾ֤ˣҲûж˵
ΪѽʱΪʲôɫϡңҰ
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2009727

(XYS20090807)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

йѧѧԺԺӶһͶ

ߣ˻

У19579Ϻ1989йѧʿѧλ
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ѧۼࡣҪоΪչѧۡƸĸ
ŴЧۡй뷽

CNKI©һЩĻ⵫ݽӽһµġ¼
Ϊͬȫһߣ

1 ýչ:ӡΪƷΪ     д  
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 2008-06-26  ڿ
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1 ýЭ̶Ի     ɹѧ(İ)  
1988-10-27  ڿ
2 ýЭ̶Ի     Ű  1988-09-27  ڿ 
3 ýЭ̶Ի     й㲥ѧ  1988-12-26  
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1 ҹýҵʵչ״Ļж     (ۺϰ)  
2002-02-15  ڿ
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1 ׼ռ촫ýϸг¸ߵءйУƵý״
ֵ     г(浼)  2006-07-01  ڿ
2 ׼ռ촫ýϸг¸ߵءйУƵý״
ֵ     й  2006-07-30  ڿ 

(XYS20090807)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

һƪı14Ŀɹһɹ߶Щʲôţ
 
Lin Zhu, Fu-Lai Chung, and Shitong WangGeneralized Fuzzy C-Means 
Clustering Algorithm With Improved Fuzzy Partitions, 
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICSPART B: CYBERNETICS, 
VOL. 39, NO. 3, JUNE 2009, 578--578.
 
This work was supported in part 
by Hong Kong Polytechnic University under Grants Z-08R and G-U296, 
by National 973 Key Project under Grant 2006CB705700, 
by National Science Foundation of China under Grants 60773206 and 
60704047, 
by National 863 Research Grant under Grant 2007AA1Z158, 
by the 2005 National Defense Research Grant from the Ministry of 
Education of China under Grant A1420461266, 
by the 2007 Cultivation Fund of the Key Scientific and Technical 
Innovation Project of the Ministry of Education of China, 
by New_Century Outstanding Young Scholar Grant of the Ministry of 
Education of China under Grant NCET-04-0496, 
by National KeySoft Laboratory at Nanjing University, 
by National Key Laboratory of CAD and CG at ZheJiang University, 
by the Key Laboratory of Computer Information Technologies at JiangSu 
Province, 
by the 2004 Key Project of the Ministry of Education of China, and 
by National Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition at the Institute of 
Automation, China.
 
Lin Zhu received the M.S. degree in computer science from Southern 
Yangtze University, WuXi, China, in 2008. He is with the School of 
Information Technology, Southern Yangtse University ϴѧ. He 
is also currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the Institute of 
Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 
Shanghai, China. He is with the School of Information Technology, 
Southern Yangtze University. His research interests include machine 
learning and pattern recognition and their applications.

Fu-Lai Chung received the B.Sc. degree from the University of Manitoba, 
Winnipeg, MB, Canada, in 1987 and the M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees from 
the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,
Hong Kong, in 1991 and 1995, respectively. Since 1994, he has been 
with the Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University 
ѧ, Kowloon, Hong Kong, where he is currently an 
Associate Professor. He has published widely in the areas of fuzzy 
systems, neural networks, and pattern recognition. His current 
research interests include fuzzy data mining, fuzzy neural-network 
modeling, and fuzzy techniques for multimedia applications.

Shitong Wang received the M.S. degree in computer science from Nanjing 
University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, in 1987. 
He visited as a Research Scientist London University and Bristol 
University in U.K., Hiroshima International University in Japan, Hong 
Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong City University, 
and Hong Kong Polytechnic University in Hong Kong for over five years. 
Since 1995, he has been a Full Professor with the School of 
Information Technology, Southern Yangtze University ϴѧ, WuXi, 
China. He also holds a visiting scholar position at the Department of 
Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, in 
2008. His research interests include AI, neuron fuzzy systems, pattern 
recognition, and image processing. He has published about 80 papers in 
international/national journals and has authored/coauthored seven books.

(XYS20090807)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

ѧ˽һͶùҽܳ

ߣϯԶ


    ѧ΢оԺԺ\973ϯѧ˽˿
ҷһͶ(ˡһͶԺʿ973ϯ(XYS20070928)),
ƾЩɹ2009ҽܳ

http://www.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2009/8/222453.html

    ѵ˽ڲ֪߳? ͿְϷƭҾ? 
ѧȫѧΪʦ? ѵίԱרǾ
ѧΪ?

(XYS20090807)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)

2009ˮҽѡ

ߣ

2009ȹҽܳѧ𣨺⼮ѡѾʾ, 

йصĻߵķ¼86ָʵķ¼ʵ
ǲ󲿷㽭ѧѧģ2009ġͱ
ȿܶġһѧУĽڶܴﵽ
ˮƽ

86	ָ		ʿ		ֲﲡԭܻѧ	
㽭ѧ	й

Ϊ˵Ļˮֺܴ. ᲻ʲôϵ?

һίӦҲûʲô,Ը˿ٱ,뷽. 
ҷͬˮֵҲӭ¶

Web of Scienceļ¼

1. 	: Studies on Autophagy Machinery in Magnaporthe oryzae 
: Lin FC, Liu XH, Lu JP, et al.
Ϣ: 4th International Rice Blast Conference, OCT 09-14, 2007 
Changsha, PEOPLES R CHINA
Դ: ADVANCES IN GENETICS, GENOMICS AND CONTROL OF RICE 
BLAST DISEASE   ҳ: 33-40   : 2009 
Ƶ: 0 
2. 
: MoFLP1, encoding a novel fungal fasciclin-like protein, is 
involved in conidiation and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae 
: Liu TB, Chen GQ, Min H, et al.
Դ: JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY-SCIENCE B   : 10   : 
6   ҳ: 434-444   : JUN 2009 
Ƶ: 0 
3. 
: Antagonistic bioactivity of an endophytic bacterium isolated 
from Epimedium brevicornu Maxim 
: He RL, Wang GP, Liu XH, et al.
Դ: AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY   : 8   : 2   ҳ: 
191-195   : JAN 19 2009 
Ƶ: 0 
4. 
: 
2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-N-(5-methylthiazol-2-yl)butanamide 
: Cheng JL, Zhao JH, Zhu GN, et al.
Դ: ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E-STRUCTURE REPORTS 
ONLINE   : 65   ҳ: O184-U2883   Ӽ: Part 1   : JAN 2009 
Ƶ: 0 
5. 
: Investigation of the biological roles of autophagy in 
appressorium morphogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae 
: Liu XH, Lin FC 
Դ: JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY-SCIENCE B   : 9   : 
10   ҳ: 793-796   : OCT 2008 
Ƶ: 0 
6. 
: New and rare lignicolous hyphomycetes from Zhejiang Province, 
China 
: Wongsawas M, Wang HK, Hyde KD, et al.
Դ: JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY-SCIENCE B   : 9   : 
10   ҳ: 797-801   : OCT 2008 
Ƶ: 0 
7. 
: Fluorescent co-localization of PTS1 and PTS2 and its 
application in analysis of the gene function and the peroxisomal 
dynamic in Magnaporthe oryzae 
: Wang JY, Wu XY, Zhang Z, et al.
Դ: JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY-SCIENCE B   : 9   : 
10   ҳ: 802-810   : OCT 2008 
Ƶ: 0 
8. 
: A simple and effective method for total RNA isolation of 
appressoria in Magnaporthe oryzae 
: Liu TB, Lu JP, Liu XH, et al.
Դ: JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY-SCIENCE B   : 9   : 
10   ҳ: 811-817   : OCT 2008 
Ƶ: 2 
9. 
: Fungal diversity on fallen leaves of Ficus in northern 
Thailand 
: Wang HK, Hyde KD, Soytong K, et al.
Դ: JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY-SCIENCE B   : 9   : 
10   ҳ: 835-841   : OCT 2008 
Ƶ: 0 
10. 
: Development of microsatellite markers and construction of 
genetic map in rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea 
: Zheng Y, Zhang G, Lin FC, et al.
Դ: FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY   : 45   : 10   ҳ: 
1340-1347   : OCT 2008 
Ƶ: 0 
11. 	: Magnaporthe oryzae MTP1 gene encodes a type III 
transmembrane protein involved in conidiation and conidial germination 
: Lu Q, Lu JP, Li XD, et al.
Դ: JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY-SCIENCE B   : 9   : 
7   ҳ: 511-519   : JUL 2008 
Ƶ: 2 
12. 
: White-spot disease of Chinese soft-shelled turtles (Trionyx 
sinens) caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus 
: Li XL, Zhang CL, Fang WH, et al.
Դ: JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY-SCIENCE B   : 9   : 
7   ҳ: 578-581   : JUL 2008 
Ƶ: 0 
13. 
: Clavatol and patulin formation as the antagonistic principle 
of Aspergillus clavatonanicus, an endophytic fungus of Taxus mairei 
: Zhang CL, Zheng BQ, Lao JP, et al.
Դ: APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY   : 78   : 
5   ҳ: 833-840   : APR 2008 
Ƶ: 0 
14. 
: Mnh6, a nonhistone protein, is required for fungal 
development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe grisea 
: Jian-Ping L, Xiao-Xiao F, Xiao-Hong L, et al.
Դ: FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY   : 44   : 9   ҳ: 
819-829   : SEP 2007 
Ƶ: 0 
15. 
: Autophagy during conidiation, conidial germination and 
turgor generation in Magnaporthe grisea 
: Liu XH, Lu JP, Lin FC 
Դ: AUTOPHAGY   : 3   : 5   ҳ: 472-473   : 
SEP-OCT 2007 
Ƶ: 4 
16. 
: Involvement of a Magnaporthe grisea serine/threonine kinase 
gene, MgATG1, in appressorium turgor and pathogenesis 
: Liu XH, Lu JP, Zhang L, et al.
Դ: EUKARYOTIC CELL   : 6   : 6   ҳ: 997-1005   : 
JUN 2007 
Ƶ: 23 
17. 
: Trichoderma taxi sp nov., an endophytic fungus from Chinese 
yew Taxus mairei 
: Zhang CL, Liu SP, Lin FC, et al.
Դ: FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS   : 270   : 1   ҳ: 
90-96   : MAY 2007 
Ƶ: 1 
18. 
: Identification of mature appressorium-enriched transcripts 
in Magnaporthe grisea, the rice blast fungus, using suppression 
subtractive hybridization 
: Lu JP, Liu TB, Lin FC 
Դ: FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS   : 245   : 1   ҳ: 
131-137   : APR 1 2005 
Ƶ: 17 
19. 
: Differential sensitivity of two green algae, Scenedesmus 
quadricauda and Chlorella vulgaris, to 14 pesticide adjuvants 
: Ma JY, Lin FC, Zhang RZ, et al.
Դ: ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY   : 58   : 
1   ҳ: 61-67   : MAY 2004 
Ƶ: 13 
20. 
: Monoclonal antibodies interferring with appressorium 
formation and pathogenesis of Magnaporthe grisea 
: Lin FC, Wu JX, Li DB
Ϣ: 2nd International Rice Blast Conference, AUG 04-08, 1998 
MONTPELLIER, FRANCE
Դ: ADVANCES IN RICE BLAST RESEARCH  : DEVELOPMENTS IN 
PLANT PATHOLOGY   : 15   ҳ: 286-302   : 2000 
Ƶ: 0 

(XYS20090807)

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ߣ     Դй   ʱ䣺2009-07-09  

ҹˮ翪Ŀǰγһ:еҵռ˴󽭴ӣ
ӪҵռССɽСϪЩҵƾԵԴԼ
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ѧѧԺĹͣ壩2006

ߣ

ҳϵ˵ѧѧԺ20052£2006꿪ʼԹ
ѧԺڹٷҳҵʱ£ϣ
ϵ໰ʶҲ൱ˣҶеƣˡѧԺ
̫ĬˣҺܵģԿˣԼǷᱻͬ

Դhttp://www.coe.pku.edu.cn/subpage.asp?id=248


2006걱ѧѧԺ£ƣ


----------------------------------------------------------------------

ʱ:2005-9-27 12:00:44:10977 

20052£Ϊδ¼ǰѧƺͽѧռһϯ֮أ
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ۺѧƣ´ѧԺѧǿƻǿ
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Ϊϵۺоʹѧǰıѧϵۺ
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ѧѧԺӵйҵһһѧƲʿѧλ赥λѧע⣬
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Ƚ׼ϵҪײϣϣԴ
ϣǻ۲ϣϣ͡Ϊʲôѡ͡
ߵȲϱԣϼģȷоܾо

ҵϵойҵƼעϵ𡿣
ƺͿɿԷ빩Ӧȣһ̼̹
˲šоĿ꡿

ѧѧԺӵһ֧ˮƽʦʶ飬йѧԺԺʿ1ˣ
ʿʦ26ˣ28ˣƸ˹֪ѧߵμְڡ꡾
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˲żƻƻƸ3ˣ2ˡѧԺ
ʦڹѧоѧСѧԹѧԺ
߲ΡԹ̼ѧԺ춨˻ԡ춨

ĿǰѧѧԺѧǩ˽ѧкЭ飬
ҵõĻϵ1õĻ
Ϊѧṩʵϰ⽻᡾ʱѧԺûѧѧϵѧû
ʵϰΡѧĳɳмΪҪ塣

ѧԺƱҵмʵѧѧӦִ⡢
硾⣡磡ʵһĹ֪ʶֻһĹ֪
ʶʵɫϵͳռԭӦ
֪ʶܵƳ򡢼ͼݴѵע仰Ľṹ
ҵС, С, ɫǡˣҵѧԺ
ޱҵҵרָѧϵҵڿѧо͹̼
Уѧģ͵Ͻһá֡
ֳ˸ڹأڽʡܴԺѧ
ϵƱҵԼ65Իȡ˶ʿѧλ˾ܱŤô
á治ѱҵˡҵѧо
ҵ¼ѧ̿ѧͼӦõйصĹѧϰ
˲𣬾ûʧҵĺʹһ㹤ġ

ѧԺÿжɹҡҵṩĽѧ𣬲ѧ
֪ѧͲʲô𡿵ȷʽͥѵѧ
ѧҵ

2006깤ѧԺѧѧѧڱƵǰѧڲרҵ
ҳϿΪǰѧڲרҵڵĸѧڳѡרҵĿǰѧ
Ժרҵ

ӦѧרҵѧλǰѧϰΣѧ
ѧһѧѧƣѧӦרŻ
ҵġҵȿɼЩרŻ򹥶оԭ2006
˵оҲɴ¸̿ѧӦõȷ¼
ͽѧ

̽ṹרҵѧλʵѧѧʵ鼰
Ļѧйؽṹ̵ķͼ
ʹǳΪӦ뷢չнṹΪר˲ţҵ
ȿ˶ʿоʡˡҲֱӽľˮţ
еպȹ̼ŴоܹӦЩŹ
ǰ÷Ͷ˲Ż֪ʶҪҪ
һα̫ǿˡ

ԴԴרҵѧλǰѧϰΣѧԸ
ֵ￪̡ˮԴԴ̽ԴܼרŻ
ҵġҵȿɼЩרŻ򹥶о
Ҳɴ»ʯԴ̽ԴˮԴõȷ¼
͹

йعѧԺһϸڣμѧԺվhttp://coe.pku.edu.cn
ϵadmission@coe.pku.edu.cn

(XYS20090807)

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׳Ҳ

ߣIcemann

Գɳ²,ڵ׳Ҳ:

һ,Լ""зĴ赭дƵ.:

"...ǸеοǣȻһξٱô⣬覴ü١
ˡߡ͡ɿص䡱û֡ߡ
ǲΪ⣬Ĵ֤ȫȷȷһ
12֣ǽӣУ֮һԶԶ֮
ʱ׼֤4-5ηУĹû¡ҵ
ѧģȻҵΪ˳еѹزΡ"

ڶ, Լѧ4-5ηУ12ֵĺѧ޹صĶ,׽
Ҳöѧ,оԺ,˰и?ûʱ?ѧҲù,
ôʱ,׽.

,׽ڶ"У"Ķƺ:У/.Ӧ 
У/?׽ڼŶ12˶ʮ,Լ
,Уʽӽٷ֮ʮ,֮һ.

û,ʹڱ"Ѫ"Ҳ֧.׽Ƥе,
߼е,ѧ˰е㲻,ҿ.

(XYS20090807)

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˽ٰٰļȷĵط

ߣܲ

ܸ˿֢Ŀգر˿ϵģÿʱ
ѧרҵص֪ʶ

᫘૚Ӧòרҵʿƪܺõ棬
󡣣Ϊԭģ

ϸϸиƵ̣ҪôƣҪô
ռϸԴϸûϸܣɢ
ٶʧϵʹֻаӢ磬Ҳͨ
ģ֮£鷿ͬСױԼơ˱
⣬ϵڰ״֯УʹǶԻƷͷƷ
迹áǺϳȵغøĵطṹбⱻ
ЩøܽԼҲٰ迹Ƶԭ֮һ

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̡˵ǲȷġʵϣϸڻҩµ
ǻҩõһҪ֮һ

øûʲôϵҩøûȫͬ
ûʲôɱԡ˲˵øͿҩ

ѾѪܺ񾭣޷ͨȥЩƷ
Լӳʣûп˰Ļѧҩ
Gemcitabine1998걻FDA׼ٰǵһٴ֤Ȼ
˵߲Ҳõ׼ͨĻѧҩһ
Щҩ5FU TarcevaҲٰǶδ
ЧǱ׼Ʒ

ûп˰Ļѧҩ˵׼ȷһȻ˰ʸߣ
ǾƵҲǰٷ֮ԭ˵Ȼִʡ
ʸߣԵģʻһЩᵽг
ĲȻƳɹӣȻгҲͨл֤
ϸɾҩкѽõġ

⣬ҲΪѡ֢һѵѡ񣬱Ͼ򲡻ǿ
ԿƵġҲΪٰĲоҪٰ

ϣ᫘૚ѲҪҵĴë÷С

(XYS20090807)

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ϷĩĲǡŦԼʱ

ߣ˼

    ˾ϸ˱ֽԡŦԼʱһܴͨˣ

    Щ߰ĶͲˣ˵ط

Ϸĩƪ·ڡ֥Ӹ̳Chicago 
Tribune4:57 PM CDT, June 22, 2008

ϷĩǸ˲֪Ϊʲôдݣáձ³£
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˾֣֪֪ǡŦԼʱ£ѡŦԼʱ
һͨǲ֪˵ʲôáӰһԳơŦԼʱİ桱ĸ
վתصġ

ϷĩĿǻйѸ
ӣhttp://www.nanfangdaily.com.cn/epaper/nfzm/content/20090709/ArticelE32004FM.htm

֥Ӹ̳ĿǣJesus in China: Christianity's rapid riseǣhttp://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-jesus-1-1-webjun22,0,2458211.story?page=1

ձĿйýת£йѸǣhttp://gospelherald.com/news/den-12479-0/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E8%BD%89%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%8A%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%EF%BC%9A%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%BF%85%E9%80%9F%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7-%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1

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ڡʷ

ߣܹ



	ã

ҳע˿ǳͲ顶
˹̹ϵ𣿡ĳϲѶΪˡע⵽ԺʿƼǳ֮
ΪһȤζ̳СʷΣΪ߻䡱
顣ΪԺʿνʷ

ǿӾ³ʷ޶ɵҹһϴʷν
֮һ޶һ˿ڡʣ
֮ͽһǡʷǡҡΪ΢ָ ʷ
дС΢Դ塱顤־
Ϊ̾ͣνһּ塱һΪᡱԤ򡷣
ص㣬ʺ֮ΪʷԡΣΪ
߻䡱ΪʷǷס

ʵϣڡƶ顱ġʵ¼ǡǡСΪ
䡱ıײΪˣܵƴʷѧ֪׵ڡʷͨ?󾭡
ָƶ飬˹Ϊʵ¼۷ޡҲΪ߻䡣ʵ
򻸳ܶ飻ʵɹ
꡷ȴǡԡ𡱶ԡ롱Ϊ뻸ĵңΪ
֮䡣Ĺ?ҹʮ꡷ȴνں
䡰ԳپѵΪ˳ȫĹ֮Ϊ֮䡣

ʵΪΣΪ߻䡱ģǡ
˾Ǩġʷǡ̡顤˾ǨޡƵ
ֱºˣ񣬹ν֮ʵ¼

	νʷвء˾
ڷҡ

	
߼飺
ܹ⣬ϴѧѧԺڣйŴɢѧḱ᳤йŴѧ
ѧ᳤Сսоݺоʷ۸塷йŴ
ѧʷࣨؾȡ
E-mail:xxg@swu.edu.cn

(XYS20090807)

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ɭΪ18վ 羭

ߣï֡״
̱2009-08-06

Ϊа񣬶ɭǶ˼羭ˡ
е˵18վΪ¶ɭаѧ֮һ
ȺڽܱɷʱƣɭƷʵ2003һϵ
оıĻԣһƷаˮߣƻйг
򣬸ҵƷƽȷΣйľðȫ

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˾ҿʼעɭƷʵңаҲ⡣ 
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ױǴѧ޲ءɴϯɴоר
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аҪ

Ʒư񡭡ԽԽа˸оۻң٣
Ҳ޴ӱϡȻȴӭҵӪҪ³ǮҲҪϰ񣬺
Ϊҵʱ

 ɭŷԪ֮ɴЩȫ֪ʿа϶
ûԸϣΪȱƷΪˣŻҵо
йҵƷƵǲԸǮϰΪ
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˾ܾɣɭ׺ɴʲôϵɴйҵ
˽⣬ƷжȨЩö֪

ʵܺ߻ҵӪרƣгңҵԽ
ԽƷЧӦһаҵⱾ޿ɺǣа
Ȩԣ췽Ƿкܶ⡣

˵ǿҵġߡаӵ췽Ÿֻ
ӣҵΧ췽ҵͬıǮϰҵ߸
˰ѽؼңԼҲƱ͵֣˫ȡ衣

һ߱Ե췽аܸϰմʲôأ
ƭԣаҪǰزӦù淶а񣬶
乫Խϲ飬ߡ



20ѧָ߼ֵƷư

 729ռÿվűգƷίԱ(ICBA)й
鳤ȺƷйҵ˸ϯƵڵ20λƷѧ߽
񲿺ܲţԡƷʵҡΪн
¶

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߰ãƷʵΪͣ500ǿŰ

̱2009-8-5

ϰ׷׷ϳǮ й߼ֵƷ500ǿа

գһҵ롶й߼ֵƷ500ǿаΪɣа
ʱһѯ˾ԳƣֻҪҵǮǾͿϰ񣬺һ֪
ҵǰæȥġĵ׼2080Ԫ֤ɽǰ300

һж꾹Ҳ٣߻Ϥգй߼ֵƷ500ǿ
аʼ˶ɭƷʵңشڴȨɣ
аҲ⵽ɡ

ҵֻҪǮͿϰ

գѯ˾ȡϵԳѿ˼Ҵ˾
ϰܷ񡰰æø˺Ժسƣһ֪ҵϰ񣬾
ƶģ50ҡø˳ƣϰ϶ҪǮ򣬸ҵ
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аѾˡݲŰ

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а꣬5񵥣ƽÿϰĺҵ6-7ң2008
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ϯƷƹ־ܼΪй˶ϲ𣬰п
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ָеĶɭͷΡ

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ǰڶýԶɭı

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ΥҪΥΥһЩϢҵ;ڽСơ
λ֪߳ƣɭ˺ܳһʱ䣬ȥ

˾Ƕɭ1996ڱġչ޹˾
Ƽš˼Ӱ޹˾¹ز߻
˾ѯ޹˾7ҹ˾Ⱥ󱻱й
ŵӪҵִա

(XYS20090807)

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人УӦϮ¼

 
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    ˱˺Ҹеʹġ人ѧУƣ˵
գһƪͲʿоӢӳϮ±Ƶ˷
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ദߵѧУѧΪ֪ͨ񣬴ͷһѧ̬ȡ
ѧУһȡΪЧĴʩǿѧ淶ķ
±ʾ 

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