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ҹǰģͣҹձøΪʲôҹǺ
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ѧѧϵڲ̻ѧ缰йѧӰ

С1

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޸޷᣺йɶ1997÷ķԺ2001귭Ӣġ
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5 David Loftus http://wwwantropologi. info/ blog/ anthropology/ 
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6  Koen WellensRevisiting the Na of Southwest ChinaInAsian 
Ethnicity,vol.4, no.1, Feb.2003.
7񣺡ʶԼhttp://oursciorg/essayculture
007htm
8 Koen WellensRevisiting the Na of Southwest ChinaInAsian 
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9Ե и׷󡪡ѧҲ̻ѧУ
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12  Koen WellensRevisiting the Na of Southwest ChinaInAsian 
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15ԣղƺ⽨ơעĸ
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16Ȩղʵ⽨ơע
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17  Koen WellensRevisiting the Na of Southwest ChinaInAsian 
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18 ͬϡ
19  Koen WellensRevisiting the Na of Southwest ChinaInAsian 
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20 εĽֻ1986(磬)浺Ң
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21 Koen WellensRevisiting the Na of Southwest ChinaInAsian 
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22 Koen WellensRevisiting the Na of Southwest ChinaInAsian 
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32Ҵ󽱡Ƶ̻ڷ̸رӦҳ
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48ղȨˣİעĸϵͥ51ҳ
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49浡룺ĸϵơ81ҳ130ҳ55ҳ
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50 Koen WellensRevisiting the Na of Southwest ChinaInAsian 
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51  Cai Hua(̻)  A Society without Fathers or HusbandsThe Na 
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52̻ƶľԱҪ𡷣ءѧԺѧ
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54÷Ҵ󽱡Ƶ̻ڷ̸ر
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ڱٱϮʽӦ

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վ˾ٱҺ¡Ͷҵľѧ
о:һ۵ڡйѧ20052ڣ
48-56ҳ°ٱ߼ơġϮѧPanu Kalmiѧ
The Study of Co-operatives in Modern Economics: A Methodological 
Essay;ٱ߸ɣΪĵڶߣһش£

һٱ˵еĲοûСThe Study of 
Co-operatives in Modern Economics: A Methodological Essay˳Ϯ
ȻԭοףȻй

дһƪLMF£οƪ£ǲ֪
˽Ȿǰءο˻ĳһߵֲο
ףǵȷΪѧϵ覴áǣǲг
ϲο˿׵ףһʱעУǷֱ
ĵ47484954ҳȷûοȷָԴ
Panu KalmiThe Study of Co-operatives in Modern Economics: A 
Methodological Essay Paper presented at the congress, Mapping 
Co-operative Studies in the NewMillennium.ٱ߼ߴ򿪷ĵ
Ӱӡġ

ڶҪ˵,йѧʱΪǿѧ淶
Ҫҳעĺвοһûȷõֲο
˵סԣ׵ײοڷоҳ£涨û
ĺ

ٱ˵ƪĵ˼·õͬڽо
Ϊʱرڵ47ҳע3ָףKalmi ڹںоһ
ƪоΪ: ¹ŵ䷽ƶȾѧ
Ѿȷڿ׵ĻϸˡһӦָǣҵ
֪ʶ˶֪LMFоˣղɭ÷֣ٵ˹
Ȼ󵽸׸?ǲЩ˵ʾٱ߻
˭ףоKMFӿ˹ŶۣٵTCEۣٵGHM
һңоLMF˶˳ߡʣһƪ
ȫԼ㲻GHMģ˭ȥ

ģΪǵڽṹ뿨ͬٱδԱĵ
뵱ȻΪǳϮ˵¾ֱӷ롱Ϊ˶Ա
뿨ģصؽٱָġֱӷ롱׵Ĳԭļұ˶
ԭĵĳ棬ͬʱģԱȡ

1ٱԭ˵4 Dow's Governing the firm  ֱӷ
˴˶ΣΪ塢ҵLMFӦá
ģ4 Dow's Governing the firm 
Like Vanek, Dow is concerned on workers' control on enterprises, 
and therefore his book has implications mainly on worker co-operatives. 
However, the similarities end there. The main question posed in Dow 
(2003) is why worker's control on industrial enterprises is rare. This 
is similar to Hansmann, who is also concerned on the actual presence 
of organisational forms, but unlike Hansmann, Dow does not regard the 
rarity of worker's control as evidence of inefficiency. Instead, he 
surveys a variety of economic explanations, including the neoclassical, 
new institutional, and contract-theoretic approach discussed above. 
The use of different theories is thus even broader than with Hansmann. 
Unlike Hansmann, Dow does not attempt to construct a unified 
theoretical framework to explain the incidence of ownership, but 
offers a synthesis of the different strands of analysis in his 
onclusions. According to Dow, the inalienability of labour is the key 
factor in explaining the rarity of employee-owned firms, leading to 
financing problems, collective choice problems, and problems of the  
commodification of member positions.  
Dow's book is essential reading for anyone interested in worker 
co-operatives or worker control, but in terms of contents, it has less 
to offer for students of other forms of co-operatives. However, for 
the co-operative studies, there is another virtue in this book: its 
general approach can serve as a model on how to build the bridge 
between economics and co-operative studies. Dow, who himself has been 
a major contributor to the LMF theory during the past two decades,  
manages to discuss complex theoretical issues in a non-formalistic 
manner that is accessible also to others than professional economists. 
As such, it represents an example how the developments in the theory 
can be communicated to the general audience without compromising in 
the content. Second, Dow's book includes surveys of empirical analysis 
and policy advice, both features that are likely to be appealing to 
many readers interested in co-operatives. Finally, in the beginning of 
the book, Dow makes clear his normative position (favourable to 
worker's control) and arguments his normative views very explicitly. 
This is in strong contrast with most economics studies, where it is 
feared that any expression of normative preferences will automatically 
contaminate  the results. Since co-operative studies typically have 
normative premises, readers coming from this perspective will find 
Dow's approach welcome.

ķ룺һҲעְҵĿƣҪ
˺ġǣ˵Ҳˡ2003ҪشҪ
Ϊʲô˶ҵҵĿ˺뺺˹ƣ
Ҳǹעʵʴڵ֯ʽ뺺˹ͬǣ뽨һͳһ
ۿȨĲͬĽۺ˲ͬķάȡ
Ĺ۵㣬ͶܱԼɴ˵µ⡢Լ
Աʸǽ͹ԱҵĹؼء
˵ڹ˺˿ȤĶߣǱ
ġʽо˵ṩĶ١ں
˵Ȿ黹һŵ㣺һ㷽Ϊ𾭼ѧͺ
ϵģ͡ڹȥʮԺоҪһַ
ʽķ۸ӵ⡣ַʽʽһ߿ְܱҵ
ѧҸ⡣ˣϲЭ·չһ
ձ๵ͨ۵䷶ΣȰ˶߽ľ
ְЩԺȤߵر
ڹ˿ƵĹ淶̬Լ淶Թ۵㣬ѧҵо෴
ߺκι淶ԱԶӰۡΪое͵Ĺ淶
ǰᡣǶȿ߷ֵķܻӭ

Ϊĵ岿֣

5ҵLMFӦ
Gregory Dow ҵ˿Ƶʵ
Governing the Firm: Workers Control in Theory and Practice. 2003,
ҵ۷LMFģʽȸԼLMFҵĽ綨
ΪLMFȷкǡͶҵǡҵˣ
LMFоӦùעȨǹעȨԿȨӣһ
ֲͬ֯ʽĺı׼ڵKMFLMF֮ͳ
ʽĿȨ⣺˭ѡٶ»᣿ǡʱṩߡ߼
ͨɳߣôKMFǡͶṩߡ
ҵһϵְضĲܣôLMF
ֱ˹ȥLMFĶľ
עҪһǶеLMFҵİָLMF
Чʵģܹڵġִָҵ۱볬Խ
ƫLMF֮ΪǵЧʡĶĲ
㣺ȣһʵLMFѾĳЩضгз
ֹרҵϻҵԼһЩ͵ֹҵˣҪ㹻
Ϳ粿ҵLMFʵʴڡΣЧʻЧΪLMF
Ҫ޷ʹһ֯ʽһ֯ʽĹɡһ
ʲôʱҵְϣֶٸά
˹ԼգԼʲôִLMFҵ䴫ͳͶ߳Ͷ
ҵ̫ƽ󽺺ϰ峧󣬸εۿڣе
ԻLMFҵľѧҶһ⣺ʱͶ
ƶȷͶȫԳƣôͲӦΪΪɹ۲쵽֯
᲻Գơ෴ҵʱṩ߹ӶͶлͶӶʱ
У֮ûûԤKMFLMFЧϵĲˣ
ȻΪLMFKMFЧʣĳҵǿҵ
۵նڹؼͶʲԳƻ֮ϡ
עһҪǣȻLMFЧʣΪʲôʵLMFҵ
֯ʽKMF֯ʽΪҵϸ˹LMFΪʲôϡ
ٵнͺΪʲרۡԼ֤ȯг
뼯ѡۣǹLMFϡٵ򡣶LMF֮ϡٵ
ռԭLMFڲͶĲöԣڳԱʸг
ͶĲöɵ⡢ѡԼԱλƷ⡣
ҵΪLMF֯ʽڵ͹ǳԱʸгȱ
νԱʸгȱϣͨɵ(Mondragon)İ
һԷʱ˻ʹȨ廯Ҳʹ
LMFĳԱԱʸ񱻳ʱֵͨɼ۸񣬻δͶ
رֵƱгʱҵʹͶʻرʱһһ
ȫԽҰǹƲ⡣ȻҲϣʵһ
д֤ʵ
ڷϣĳЩ뺺˹֮Ϊ߶עЩʵ
ڵ֯ʽ뺺˹ƶȷͬǣһ
׷þѧйڡڵľЧʵġ˵ΪLMFϡ
Чʡ˸־ѧͣ¹ŵġ׷
õԼԼ۵Ľͣҵ棬ˣʹõķ
˹ƶȷִҵ۷뺺˹ͬǣ
ͼһͳһۿԽȨĲͬṩ
һͬۺϡ
ѧȻڷϵ⡣ΪⱾĿ
ͷȷLMFƫǰָ˳˹Ĺ⣬
ĹȫйޣԼְֹɻƻķաûй
У˲ܷĵŬǲ֪˵ĻǷɿ
ָĹ˴ͿܱɢʱͶʣ򳣳
ҵܡ޷ջأȫгھҵ빤ʷ
ķտǰְֹɻƻ˵ƺܹӹԣ
ҪһĴϰжԼܹգֻҪЩƱ
Ҳͱɷֽ˻ǺԥЩѣLMFеõ
ԼԼˣ˶ҵй޸Уصıͣ
ıƭԼܶԼͶֱӼܡԣΪLMF
KMFһָõҵƶȰšΪרŽĵڶΪ淶
ѧǡΪLMFҵ֯ʽڡԻƽȡ
ϡͬ塱ȷŵ㡣Ȼرдˡĵ(The 
Author Shows His card)һڣԼLMFҵ֯ʽƫ
顣
ͬʱѧʵʶ̬Ӱо֪
Ωָµ±׼ԶӰĹԵӡΪ
ѧʱKMFƶ֮һǿĻƣѧ
ԽǿKMFЧԣԽLMFеʱ徭ͷչһƶȣ
ƶȾԽƫKMFҲԽLMFڵĸ߻
⣬LMFǰҲܵѧΪѧ
ȨһȨȻζȨȨʣȡȨǲɷ
ġȴΪΪӵȨȻӵпȨԼʣȡȨʵ
ѧƫʵʹУʵǿɷֵġ
ڵճ治ãѧĺԤڻ
ϳ֡

2ٱԭ5Conclusionsɽֱۡӷ˴
Ρ

ģIn the conclusions, I will try to answer to the three 
questions posed in the beginning of the essay: How has the development 
of economics influenced the study of co-operatives? Is there a future 
for studies of co-operatives inside economics, and if so, how would it 
look like? Is there anything co-operative studies can learn from the 
research done in economics?

ķ룺ڽ۲֣ͼشĿͷ⣺ѧ
չӰоģѧںоδУ
ʲôأǿԴеĺ羭ѧоѧʲô

ģڱУҽͼشĿʼʱ⣺ LMFо
ѧʹ䴦ڵѧıԵо
ŵȱʧʲôûпҵһоLMF⣿
壬ٱ߻˵ƶȾѧڹڽȣܶԭѾ
棬ڽעнӢԭĵӢӦΪѾ˵
棬ʾ֪ʶ֮λ޴ʡѧУʾ֪
ʶİ취ǽĻӢģõףȴдӢġ
зİĶİд𣿶ǡǡղɭ÷֡˹
˹İ棬ȫˣ纺˹ǻرע7˵
İھ룬йѧ磬2001档ǵϣٱ˵˵
ЩĵֻӢĵģ
дLMFıν֮Լʱͳ
εı£һЩѧ߻ʶ̬ԭԸȥһоLMF
Ŀ뿨׵ȫͬҲȫͬ
ǵĽۣ
ˣѧLMFĽһоҪѧ׿ʶ̬ǣ
תȡһֱ֡ʵо2000뿴һ
ʵУLMF֯ʽܽ٣ζLMFڻ޷ڡǡ෴
LMFʵKMFʵҪԶʹKMFһͳµľ£LMF
֯ʽҵLMFζLMFЧʡLMFЧ
һĻ⡣ٴӾоϿసLMF
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ҵڴеȱʧ⣬Էḻҵۣ
ҲԶ塣ͬʱLMFоǿԼ֮
ȷҲһЩжɾ͵ѧ߿ʼLMFоˣLMF
δǻǳĵġ

ٱ߿йĻǷģ

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һдʿĵͬѧ˵˼ѧУĲʿģʵģ
пƴģűʵĲʿˮƽǿпƴ̸ϵ**
ʦһ"ί"ͬѧĲʿġһߴЭ
뼼о1ֳԿƴоˮƽͲʿѧλĲм
ϵĲ԰Ҳ˵Э淶ķͽͣؼģе
´ԵĳϮۼ

ĵ"Э"ᵽзns2, glomosim, 
omnet++, opnet,qualnetȲʺϴķ棬Լν
νͷƽ̨ȴȫϮһķJsimļƤ
2Ͳָϡ3ݣܶͼûػֱʹͼΨһ
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ΪһУѣҺʹĿƴЩڹ֪ȵ»ÿʦ
ѧô͵ҪԴԼѧôûǱȻˡ

οף
1ѧλļһߴЭ뼼о
2http://www.j-sim.org/whitepapers/aca.html
3http://www.j-sim.org/v1.3/sensor/sensornets_tutorial.htm

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2007йѧţֵľһ෢

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е߱صĶԲ˼· 	йɲ̳	2007/11
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е߱صĶԲ˼· 	йó	2007/18
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Уѧѧоѧ淶涨ġѧˡָǡαעα졢
۸׺ݵȡʡͷľ顢ٴСαעα졢
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һͶǡѧˡ

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ע

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Ǻˣ



1.20046ڡѧѧư棩衡 
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ᵽңܸ˶ҵ¡ҷﾳУʵе
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