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Ѱ¿ƹԺʿĿؼ



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ʱ̱δ壺
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⣬øѧ˵Ҳֻ˼СģǺݺݵشѧ
Խ赭дԺʿһҲᣬǲȡİ


֮⣬Ӧᵽľ˵ǸҷƾйУϵͳΪ׬Ǯ
ϵͳķıƾ˶ʿƾҪƣвٵĲʿƾҲ
ǳϵͳΣ֮޿֪

йѧܾԲֻܽġΪй
⡣ȿ⼸꣬й߹ٶ˶ʿʿ
ñӡϸһ飬ЩйУϵͳ֤飬Щͨ
Ǯõ֤顣ôһйξֳίõ
XXѧĲʿѧλһڶѧλʱXXʡʡίǣҲ
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ҺȻ뵽һ⣬йĵٵģʲô涼һ
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ȫǱݵģСƽǷҪμǸԼûо˵Ҫ
ĸԺܾ˰ѱʸСƽԺ󣬵˿Ժ
ΪžμǸᣬǸġ˵ǵСƽͶ
飬Щ߲㣬йĸҵλձ鲻
ˡ㲻ԣҲ֪ǲҲӡһ
ǿ϶ģֿϱսʱǸԲǱ
ݵģǾǰһҹ˼ġ⣬쵼˵Ľƺû
ǹҵ쵼˵ıôǵ쵼˽𱨸ҪϼС
ʱһֶܴϸձƣȻҪݣ쵼ˣ
ͳҲһͽСʱģͳĹģҲʮ
ӾˡĽҳֽ͹ˣҲòŷͱˡ֮룬
й˿¾û֪ʶȨǸ쵼Ҫݽ壬
쵼ݽֹʽ쾭ġҲ˵쵼Ϳ
޳ռͶҲΪһ»ǻȨʱµĲ

ˣ룬ҪѧܣôӸץ
Բϰյϡ

(XYS20071230)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ҽйִİʯ

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йҽҵִ⣬һ¼Ҫ⣬
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ûһҵҽƲűܾûǮļﲡˡ
ҲһڼﲡˣȾκҪǮ·ȽǮ󿴲Ǯ
ҪһɱȡǮѽǮûǮֻ
ܰ󣬳ʮҡԣȻԭȺҪǮôҪ
𡱾ϲˡȴÿա𡱣κ˵
˼ԴӡеõѡйгĹ
ÿա𡱵ԭ1ʸߵշѸߡ
곤ߡ2ǮշѸߣٵշ٣ȫǮ˹Ҵǣ
۶ʲôˣεĹȫһģˮƽһ

йҪչǸĴ¡Ϊζڸ
ˣͥᣬԼҶǺܴһֳΡܹ׼Ǯ
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ˣӵһ𣬾ҪϸЩȹǱ뼱ȻǮЩ
ȻǮңȻǮԽԽáԭΪҽ
ڼҵȫûбҪģǻ㡣ҽԺһҽȾָ
Ȼ𡱣ΪǮϵһ˵ϵҵĺ


	

档һӦƵĲơһǲƵĲ
ҲҪơҽƭ˵ľҩע˰70Լ30䣬
ûһҩעӦעġҽȻҩעΪ
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йĿѵȺŵùר̫ˣҪڴдҽ
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ҽִգȫɡαͳΡִҽѧѧ͹Ѿȫ
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ģҽҩҵ

йҩ֣1 ԭϣ2ҩάCֹʹƬ3½ʧ
ȥרҩ4УɣҩУɣҩйĵطҩҩ
۵ҩֻܹΪƷǣĽ͸Ľռ
ǶԱƷҪԽԽѧܶ˿һ㣬Ͱڿѧʵ
;̭ĻóƷһҩҪԹʵ飬С
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ԣҪӿѧĹͿѧ֪ʶ淢չƷǽͨ;
ҽһҪҲҪУʹҩ뷨߲ȥġ

(XYS20071230)

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ȫΣؽգѪѹߡǱֲ֪롣ҿ
ΣաԴˣҲҩˡ

ѪѹߵĲˣáţƽѹ衱˵úܺʵѪѹ
дмЧִɷݣˡ硰ѹ
ܷƬڵ׻ȲаມƷʲЧѣ
֣ΪҩУҲΨͼġҵЧʿɰ޷ģ
˰ʺܸߣܿͻȫССҩڷҩĻߣɲͳ
ƸʵӵʧֻΪԴɡһˮ˲䣬
κκۼֻüӷѹƬƽ֮ࡪ
ˣϰߵ·֪ߵϡĻԻʹϡҽǶ
ͻӿҩƷƼֱЩмܲסˡΪǽƷ
ѧں޹ɿѭվۻֱضΪһԸĴ
ҩ簴ŷҩ׼Уÿȫм֣Եҽҩг


ٺӻðסҳҽЧѵĿأ
ٹ棬Ϯϰӷ彵ƬƬƬ֮ࡣ
дкҩͨ˱㣬Ϊкˡ𡱣˲ٴﲡ
Уͯ״ռһϡǨӵԲð
Ժǵ彡Ϊ

һΣμҽҩѧϰࡣһλ֪ҩרҹҩһ
Щ֪ʶĻشʵʣҲ塣ңණȷʵ㲻ף֪
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桰ʮ˷ʮηУѧʶԨǶıʵη
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ſڿӡΨӰ̫̫̫ԶִӺԣҲ
ͻƲƣﲻſڿӲſڿӡ

һЩŮԣ־ƣֲ֡áͨ衢衢Ƣ衢
衱ȥԡлĳɷ֡ǣҪûǴͳ
ʾһλ֢긾ŮҪģ
ʡ߲Ըҩ޶ԺһλԺġʦд̡º
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ЩҩĿ͹ֱӵۺأʹ۵õһű
ɡҩекã˶ѡǣãк
ĸʦܾ彲壬ָʲôȣʲôŶ
ΪųѾ֪ĳƤϸϸ
ųĵɫųĸþؽࡢʳȡв
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ǾǣǡֻҪעʵʣԾΪ׼ڿ͹ۣ
һⶼ׳壡

(XYS20071230)

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֪УѾôִҽѧйˮ⡣Ȼ׼
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ĿϣһשáשͷҲֻˡ

ҽʦרƻĵ·ȫƻĵ·ã
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ҽʦûȡȫҽʦ֪ʶȫ棬һЩ漰üѧƵ
ʱרҽûȵġѧƵ⣬רҽʦר
ʹǿҲû֮ءȫҽʦʱͺôˡ

죬λпԺĳоŮʿоġŻһ
ǳĴҽԺҡڿƼԹ۲죬˵ơ磬
һӾûˡʵԺʱѾҽ¾һû
δҽʦӡһ棬˫ݶǣҽԺԹ
ѡǮ˵ҽԺѪ١ΪҽԺѾʶܿ
λʳҽԺѿǮһȫǰ
ʮҽԺԣӦǱסӵѡ

λﲡ˸òһԣһλﲡԺ2Сʱ
˾ҽԺӦø𣬾˵ǰҲƵĹ涨ͻȻѪ
ѪٶȺӿԺôȣڲ2СʱھˣҽԺ
ҪģҪ


⻼ҪʱһϵԼGP߼ͥҽ˽ҽ
ȻϵרҽǼһԼֱӵҽԺȥġ
ҲרҵԱǶҽԺƳ򡣵ڵķȴ
רҵԱ롣ǻԼߵҺ˵Լʲôƾ͹ʲôƣ
ҪͨҽѧרҵԱЩҽԺı׶ˣ
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ڹЩҽԺʶרƻҽԱĶ̴ͿʼΡ
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ѧʶǳ֪ЩҽѧԺУרŵȫҽʦרҵȷʵ
֪˼ҵģʽҲжţδĿá֪ģ
׳ϣ֪ѣ˵˵Լڹҵרҽʦ
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Щֻ֮һרһ꣬ĵͼӰƣ
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ԽԶȷֳרƣضиױԺн˲Ժ
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ʦһ漰רҵĲˣҪôͬУҪôԻ
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(XYS20071230)

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Ӣҽѧ־о7ҽѧ

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Ϊĸ᲻֪֮ԻǿΪ֮Ի󡣡˵⣬
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˹ŵɯϵҲвĵطȻеһж˹ŵɯ
ϵ۵һ֣ƺһ֮ҡƺû־

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ܡǲǶ֮ֻ˵ﶼ֧䣬
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ķǿѧѧǺǫģΪԼѾҵȻ
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(XYS20071230)

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ӥɿѧ

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ҿֿƵĽʽȻһʿ֪ʶ
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ݺ۳ҵƽԭѧ򣬺
ԼҸоãˣɹҪ
ϧǣЩƳҸоõʿͬʱΪ
ȨĹ񣬶ԹҲзȨͶƱȨˣ
еһĹְ漰Ƿαжϵ
ӹ⣨绷ʹ͹Լҽ⣩ϣЩʿ֪ʶ
ṹ˼άʽսⲢǴӻ廨ѧ
Ĳ۳дʵغƺʹæ¼ֵжϣҲ
ԼӰȨԺߵƶʩӸӰ졣

ʿѾ˼άڣɵѾ̻
֢ڻһˣһЩ˷ӣѡ
˷ѧĲ·

ЩʿºνʽĿѧЧʵ
΢΢ʱǶţ١ߣʱЩʽ
ġȱǵ٩ȡЦĶ󡪡롰롱Сɣ

ЩʿЧƷνӥɿѧͷȡ
ʽĿѧඥˣѾ
ʯϵͳһЩ̺ۡ

ӥɿѧУǲСذѿѧ֪ʶ;ڣ
ĸһȰʿҩȥ෴
Σȷֱ˵ظЩ˼άʽƵĳʲôǶԵġʲô
ġʲôǿġʲôǲġǹȻȨǵ
ɺ͸ʽȨǿǵɺ͸ʽȨΧ׷½
ɱǵۣĿĲڸıǵ뷨ܣ
ھѺӰпȡԹߣЩ˿ǵΣԡ

ѡӥɿѧʽǾ˼ǵġⷽ˼ľ
ȥдġѧޡ׸ѿѧйǡһΪ
쾡¡ժ¼ƬΣ

ѧգš·һȭھ˫
ֲʵǫ̃̄ϣ߼ʵ֤˫ȭԼİλ
սӭսѰսκһۣӵ
ʱ׼Ӧսߵ˫ȭ·ٻȻǫ̃̄ģ
ӭѧʥһоսøָڶ
սģǿѧѧ̤ڵغ



ѧ֪ʶڿ͹Ψһɿ֪ʶϵѧķ
ǻȡɿ֪ʶΨһɿһϣѧ
԰ԵûκǫãЩִߡڽ̿ȷ
ӡѧĻˡαѧƭӡѧҡѧȥɡΪ
ЩӸĴۣѾ̫̫ˡ

ѧѾ̫áѧĻȱ
ѧ֪ʶͱǷѧڣƫ
Ƕôµһ顣뽨һѧ
ڻϣлڿѧԵֶܷԷԭ
ʼӸѧɣһԺֵܡѧҪһ֣
ɵ̽˿ѧ֪ʶͷˣִеˣ
ɵˡѧռ֮գɡɡ֮ʱ

ӥɿѧӦִֿƽʽ׶˵һҩҲǡ
ҿһεѡúǴ׶԰ѧ
רҵһֱܵõĿѧѬգĿѧʽȻ
ΪӥɿѧʽҲȻʧȥڵļֵ

ΪֹҲûпӥɿѧʽʧȥֵļ

(XYS20071230)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

̫սѶǵ

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žԺ󣬿ѧսʤ֪˼άռݲ
ڵ˼ߵ㣬Ǹʱܽʷġֻ̫֮
ڿһսͬս֮ʣ˫ͬռĿģ
пյսϣһŸЩԵͷȣһ
ѭѭգһһƴ绯ꡣչ뽲һ
һʽ˵Ƣ˼ǧ𣬸˽͵Դ
òͬķʽǲȡַʽ˵ԷĿģԷϿ
ģ˵ʽöˣ֮˵ʽûЧЧ

ң൱һӴʹǶԵģҲҪ
ԷһЩӡп߳ŭɴӼᶨվĶ
档ˣ̫ʦĵͷһȻʦĴ绯
ЧǵĿΪ˿գΪ˿ѧģ
ҪģߣҲֵõġ

л̫λʦΪ˾ʵսϣЯͬ
ҵλ¾ף죡

(XYS20071230)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

ȵĿ
 Ӵ߽ѧ

ߣ쵶
http://mypeanut.cn/?class=read&sub=read_review&id=299

Ȿ鲢ʺСӶΪ̸ѧⶼȽרҵ
ܶרҵһ¡

Ȿ̸ⶼȤ磬տǲһֱ̫Ϊ
ʲôϼûܣΪʲôβͣƽտ϶̫
ϼûܵģǾǲβ͵ģܶʱǾͰһЩ
ʵܣȴһΪʲô

ǣⱾȴƳ棬һ͵غ˺ܶ౳֪
ʶصĿѧ֣˽⵽һȥ

ƼȥϲѧİְҲһ£˼
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(XYS20071230)

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Ѱ

ָ֤һżֵ֧ʵݣǿѧ뷨ѧĸҲ
й㷺ʹãѭ֤ҽƣ֤ΪҽƻҪΪ
ѧͽôҪѭ֤ѧ֤ѧӴӵģ߼ѧ
ͳѧڣеоԱڰͷвٴ鼮ҵȤ
Ҫ򵥵ۿѧ뷨ѧе֤ݣغߣΪйҽƾ
еľ֤⡣

ʲôأʵϵǰǲģҪôǾ
ҪôǶԾǳ߼ϵȡΪABʽ

ʵţ˵ϵ۴ڡֱ˵ѧɱʵ
ڷǴѧɱʡǰǾǶԾ

ϵΪӣ˿˿ܶνĳҪ
ABķAΪABضAΪ
Ҫճ˵ϵָǳַǱҪеһǳֵǶ
أʽINUS Condition Insufficient and Non-redundant 
parts of Unnecessary but Sufficient causes˵ҽ
˿ڸȾֻ˿ڸȾĵĳַǱҪеһأ
ΪأĳϸĴֲȣ
Ϊȥˡ

ڿѧϳеŶһţAlternative Hypothesis
űƷʱųӣΪҽϲ
˿ڸȾŻһͬЧķţCounterfactualAB
ͬЧΪABӣҽ˿ڸȾ
ŵͬҽϸ˿ڸȾ

žͱ֤֤ӢΪBurden of ProofڷѧϽ
˭ţ˭֤Ϊnecessitas probandi incumbit ei qui agitΪ
˭Թ˭֤еŶڱţ໥񶨣ԣ
ǳѱ֤ݵȱ֤ݣѰֱ֤֤
߼֤֤ţ֤ݵȱܳΪ֤ݣΪ
˼άɵļα֤ݣӢĽAppeal to Ignorance˵ϵ۴ڡ
ıǡϵ۲ڡšϵ۴ڡ˵㣩ȱ֤
֤ϵ۲ڣϵ۴ڣͬأϵ۲ڡҲͬ
߼֤ϵ۲ڡѧɱʵڷǴѧɱʡı
ǡѧɱʵڻ߸ڷǴѧɱʡ֤ǰ
߻ߺ߲Ϊ߻ǰߵ֤ݡһ䱸ŵ֤ݶȱ
ʱѧ۾Ǵɣһ򣬵һ뱸ų
ʱϰԵطǴ˼ˣα֤ݣǱʵʵ̬ȣԼ
֪ԣѧҪԼ֪Ϊʵ

ѧԽܴɣѧܣ׸ңپͲ˵ԲǶ
ȱ֤ݣ޷ȷ˭ȷҲܲöҪҵĿѧ
۳˾¼ķǲܵȵģ
мʷԶҵǿ֧һŵ֤ݣôٲ
ʵϵĲöϿҵţʵ岻

ѧ뷨ɲ֮ͽѧߵƤ˾ȫ֤ݵ
뱸ŵĻʻǼٵģѧƽǻ֪ʶ̽ɵ
Ծķ磬ôǱȽŵ֤ݵǿ
ⷨѧ֤пѧ۵Ĺؼ

ڱȽ֤ݵǿʱʵıȽϣԭ۵ʵ֤ǿ
飬ǿڸǿСģоϸĳоƲ
ôϸģ֤ǿʵĻԵıȽʽ
ϵϽлϵProbability Causation
߼ʽΪAķBĻʣ߿˵һAķ
Bķ뱸Ϊ뱸Ļʣ
ȷĻ뱸ȷĻ֮Ϊ1Ϊ߳ɻϵ

ǰĴѧɱǴѧɱʵıȽϾͲȫû֤ݣ
ýӡ󣬾΢֤ݣ֤Ҫû
֤ݸܽӽʵţɭڵ۶ǻ֤ݵĻϽеģ
Ƕûǿ֤ݡҪǿѡһţݿѧ
֤ԭǿѡһѴ𰸵ģ֤Խ΢ǵѡӽʵ
ŵĿԽС

ᵹ˷ϵһҪԪأǾҪ
ţǼ򵥵˵Ҹ㡱ʵҪԪزģ
ɲþϵͳһԴҪʹһ֪ã
ôԭͱ֤ѵĿظ֤ݵģ൱ĿԿظȷġ
йͳĻһֹ󣬺ʷһְƹܼٹ
֮𣬲֤ѧʣŴ¡Ҳ˵ʷԹԱĿظֻҪҥ
ԣӢרŵķΪHearsayΪݣͿȻ
νľ֤ãԱ֤Ϊƶϡ

ظűл֤ݣٳǷܸÿظͱ֤ݵĻϣ
ͨϵһȷ֤ݵǿΪ֤ݣPrima 
Facie evidenceһҽ¹ʿظ棬֤߱뱻ظз
ϵضں֮ǰ֮бϵϵ
ɥʧ˾ͿԶ϶ܴڵϵۿ
ۣôͲڱ֤ݣپͲܸܽÿظ档

ԱظȱϯĬϣٲ֤ݲþΪ󲿷ֱ֤
΢Դ߼ʵϽп硣Ѱ֤뷴֤ݵ֤
ݾǾ֤һԣҪݰʾԭ뱻ľ֤񣬲
о֤Էα֤Appeal to Ignoranceȡŵķ֧
֣ǰߣڿѧα֤ǲģҲ˵α֤ôǱ
ʵ岻ǿܵģ﷨άǳ塣ӿѧĽǶ˵
ںΪԭ뱻涼ᾡ֤
ݣĳо֤񣬴ѧǶȶм֤ǲڵ
ųԳԻԵάʵ塣Ե
ȷȡһʵ֤о֤͹˾֤
תƵۻ

ڷϵԷȡ֤Ϊʵ뾭ʱ֤
ԭҪתƵϣνľ֤áҽҵ
԰̷ΪԴع˾֤öҽ¹ںӰ죬
أѧרҵԱǶǵ֤ã˵׿
߽Ժظҽ˺Ҫе֤֤
˺ûṩı֤ݣʵ󵼷Ϊ
˱֤ݣ׶ڶϣӦеΡ

ΪдΥǨıвʦʦһ顶ҽ
¹ҽ״ʵר۹ҽƾеľ֤⣬
¡֤ƶȡоҽеľ֤£

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                                 о֤                         ˭˭֤
ҽΪ                             ԭ                                         ˭˭֤
ҽΪ                                                                  ˭˭֤
ҽΪϵ                                                          ֤ε
𺦽                             ԭ                                         ˭˭֤
𺦽                                                                  ˭˭֤
𺦽ĳ̶                         ԭ                                         ˭˭֤
ҽΪ޹                                                                  ֤ε
ߴڹ                                                                      ˭˭֤

ݡԺ֤ݵɹ涨
ϴھ֤ãݾ֤õԭ

                        ԭѰ²

ר                        ӵиϢϾ֤
Σҵ                        ֤˵Σ˵
Ⱦ                        ΣϢƫ
߿˺        ˵
˺¹        Ӷ໤˵
ȱݲƷ                        Ϣƫ󣬳ҸѰ֤
ͬΪ˺                Ϣƫ󣬵˸Ѱ֤
ҽΪȨ                Ϣƫ󣬻ҽҵƲҵ֤

֤֤ԭҲΪԺ֤ݵ
涨мĲʵȻйҽҵʵгֵĿ
۹У֤ʵǾ䶯ģһ˶֤ݣ
һо֤֤󣬱編Ժ϶ʵʱһϲöĹ
̣һĳʵб֤ʱһ˾֤񣨴Ӣ
нBurden of Leading EvidenceͥȡöԻʵͬܽ
һĲö

ں̣ͥԭ뱻ҪԶԷṩ֤ݽз
˫ʵΪʱʵ뷢ʵ̫ҵؼ
вþ³Ǳȱϯα֤Ϊþݵ⡣
֤񷽲о֤񣬼ʹʵҲǡӦáô
˫֤ݶԱβþأ漰֤ǿ⡣

֤ݵҪǺ飨Beyond Any DoubtӦ˵һֿѧ
״̬źܶʱӦѭ֤Tautology˵Ȯ
Ȯ߷Ժ涨֤УȻɼڿѧδǺ
飬ʵΪȻǿ֤ݣܷɡ

ڷǿָ֤޺飨Beyond Reasonable Doubtָ
֤ݷһ˼ά˲ҳ֮ӻ˵
ڴ֤ݵмʣ90%ϣȷš½
ƶPresumption of Innocenceظ淽о֤񣩲ܲ
ǿ֤ݣӷ϶ǿ֤Ҫƫʵ塣ڿ
ѧϽIǽ˲ȷţII
ָȷţѧͬһԭI
󣬿II 󣬼ɷһ٣Ըɱһ˷Ʋӹ
񰮸ƶɵġĪСʷġŴ¡
ġϴ򡱣ɴɱһǧɷһϰߡҪǿ
֤Ϊԡɱ롰ߡ۲ͬ£Ըܡߡ
ۣʵ岻ǡɱĺɸʵ岻
Ϊطѧס

޺֤ȷ֤ݣClear and Convincing 
Evidenceָ֤ȷ֧ӦţȷĻ
ڲȷĻʣ˵70%ϡȷ֤ҪĳЩ
ס

¾֤Ҫǻ֤ݣBalance of Probabilities
߱Ƚ֤Preponderance of evidenceָ֧ŵ֤ݱȲ֧
ŵ֤ݸΪȷĻʸڲȷĻʣ˵51%ϡ
֤ǿ϶ϵͳҲ̫ϤǰԺ֤ݽеʮ
¹涨

˫˶ͬһʵֱٳ෴֤ݣû㹻ݷ񶨶
֤ݵģԺӦϰжһṩ֤ݵ֤ǷԴ
һṩ֤ݵ֤֤ϴ֤ȷϡ֤ݵ֤
޷жϵʵ϶ģԺӦݾ֤ηĹ
С

Ҳ˵̶ܴйϲõҲǻԻ߽бȽ֤
ݡ

Ȼ֤ݻҪһЩ֤Ҳзѧ壬羯ھǷ
ʱĳЩΪʱȨԺָѲ飬Ƿ
̽ԱҪкɣReasonable SuspicionǳҪ
Ϊ顢ʱֹĳΪ̽ԱΪΪ
Ĳ𺦣IIIҪö࣬Ҫʵɶ飬
Źı׼Ǻ֤ͣɭڻɴѧɱ
ʱȷǴѧɱʵͣýӡɣӦǺ
ɡ

ȺǿȱȽ֤һп֤ݣProbable 
Causeܷй涨Ȩ֤
ĵԼƷܵǷѲȡеķָ
֤ݣӦԻ֤֧֣ȷѲĵط߽Ѻ
˻֤ݻǰţGrand  Jury öǷһ
г򡣿ָ֤ݴ֤ݣȱ෴֤ʱԺ
϶ų֤ݡ˵ֻҪ5%ĿԵĻǿ֤ݾ
Ҫ25%ϵĿԣҪǿһЩ

йķϵ֤ݵǿܹע뾯Ϊͷǳȱ
ʽְǳ¡

ԺΪĲöߣӵ޿ĽȨй˺
ƣἰ䳣ίԱ涨ȨУܹ
Ժ֤ݽͷǷĻһԭ⣬һţ
˵ֻܽͣͬ⸶5000ԪֻнȨ
տʱԸԪͲΤԪľͿգԺȨ
ͣйڵͨңδעʱҡʲô
ԺĽȨġġɰģʹܷɰᷨԺ
ϵͳͷȨֻܸı䷨ģʹ֮ϸ壬ôԺ
Ҳ˵ǴʵǷѧǶȣйҽ޷ӦñԹ
е֤ݲϵͳ

(XYS20071230)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

̷ּ̽



̷ּ̽⿴˰״򡰴ɾڡҽ
ˮļ⡱һģܽ״Եǰҽʶ
Ҷ۴ڵ⣬ҽԺٲά裬ΪˡάתͶҩë
ϡҵڹʶҩΪҶ۲û׬
ֻøĲ߲ȡ͵ϵֶλȡ³Ѹ˵:߷ŭ,鵶
ǿ;ųŭ,鵶ߡҲҪ˭Сʵ¾
ǣ̸ұҪַоҶƶвĵط
ڶ̶ԭµأʶ
һܹӰʲôߣʲôӰ죬Ҳܹ
ʲôĻá

̸֤⣬˵ľ֤εǰᣬͬġ
ģԭҲڱȨʵΪҹҽƾ
еľ֤εҲһӦһİǾ
ԲΣ

Ժһͥ˾ҽƾװķʱ
ȷָһӦе֤Ρҽ⳥У
Ӧ⳥Ȩĳгľ֤ΡԭӦ֤
ҽƻҽƷͬϵܹҽƻϡƣ
ܵ𺦡֤ݷϡ֤Ρ߲ṩ֤ݶ
ṩ֤֤ȨǲܵõԺֵ֧ġڶ֤
ǿתƵġ߶⳥Ȩ֤ﵽ˱ʵĳ̶ȣ
֤ξҽƻתơҲ˵£ҽƻӦṩ֤ݷ
ԭ󣬼ҽƻӦ֤ҽΪ𺦽֮䲻
ϵҽΪûйǺġҽƻк
˵ʹ֤ݣҽƻҪеߵĽϽ
ҽȨľ֤βǵãǾ֤תƵĽ
ԺԺд󷨹 2003326ȫйָǰ
Щͬ־Դ˹򻹴Ƭ⣬󵼡ˣ꣺
ҽΪȨϣ˾͹涨ֻǲ־֤εã漰ҽ
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ҽѾԼְܹͨȷʹ֤Ȩõɱġ
ڻҽƻ֮ǷҽɹϵǷʵǷ
ʵʧʧٵȣ֤ξڻֻлṩ֤ݴﵽ
Ϸ108涨Ժֻл
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εò壬Ӧػߺ󡣡ˣɻ
д󷨹ٵĽԿҽƼΪȨףҲ
κξ֤Ρԣһɵûڷƻ
֡ڿЦҲΪ֣Ҳ̸϶һַɷЧ
Ϊҽ¹еľ֤ԭȻһ⣬ǾԲ
Σ

ڣŵ˾͡Υ⣬˭ţ˭ֻ֤һԭ
򡣵Ϸûжž֤εã֮Ӧͨ򡷶
ʵȨҲ ԭ򡱡ƽԭ򡱺͡޹ԭ򡱣
ԣԺ˾֤͡ݵɹ涨ûС족µԭ
򣬲ûԭԹ涨½ϸɡ

һ㲹䣺״ڡִҽѧй޵оơһУ
һ人˫̥̱⳥ݲꡣǵڶ
ҽʦ̰19985£оӦ2000֮ǰҽƾ
ײþ֤εԭȷȴ2002꣬оƲҲ˵״
ָ֤εԭǺܻ

(XYS20071230)

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ıů

prandtl

԰ַ˵ܵǿѾ൱֣ûȥ
˶ԡѰһƪоûرݡgoogle
һ·ݣоǺͰӷ˵෴ġǴӵһ
copyġڶĵӡ

Due to certain characteristics such as a large body surface area 
in relation to weight, a large head in proportion to the body, and 
little subcutaneous fat, newborns - especially low birth weight babies 
- are at increased risk of heat loss. When heat loss exceeds the 
baby's ability to produce heat, its body temperature drops below the 
normal range and it becomes hypothermic.

http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/MSM_97_2_Thermal_protection_of_the_newborn/MSM_97_2_chapter2.en.html

http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/MSM_97_2_Thermal_protection_of_the_newborn/MSM_97_2_table_of_contents_en.html

(XYS20071230)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.dropin.org)(xys-reader.org)

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gadfly

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֮ûҽƴʩ´12Сʱʵ
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GOOGLEһ£֪˵෴¸˵
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http://jp.physoc.org/cgi/content/abstract/200/3/589

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󨶼ʵڸ㲻ЩĽʲô˵
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(XYS20071230)

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ʵһƭ

(ԴĴ-б ߣ˺)

򻢡Ӣۡ 
ݣ47꣬ƺҵҰﱣվվƺصһҲĿǰΨ
һһվƬΪٵԱ



ʵһƭӣҵһεý

շ粨ĳֽǶȽĻһЩհףڶ塯
ʵ۵¡ﻢ¡ЩԢԡͯﶼҵ˻ִֵ
棬ɼײС

շ粨йʷϺĵݺԱǸλԷ
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